Administrative law - gyouseihou (English spelling) administrative law

Japanese: 行政法 - ぎょうせいほう(英語表記)administrative law
Administrative law - gyouseihou (English spelling) administrative law

A general term for laws related to the organization and operation of administrative power. Administrative law includes all laws that stipulate which specific national agencies (government offices) will be in charge of the Cabinet's administration, how those agencies will be structured, and what the relationships between agencies will be (laws that stipulate these are called administrative organization laws), as well as what legal relationships will be formed between national agencies and the public when they apply and implement laws to achieve administrative objectives (called administrative action laws). Unlike civil and criminal laws, there is no unified code called "administrative law," and because the scope of administration is broad, it is made up of many laws with various contents and purposes, and these are generally referred to as administrative law.

This type of administrative law is based on the premise of the separation of powers, and is conceived with the objective of restricting administrative power through legislation, that is, to prevent arbitrariness in administrative power, to administer the country through law (this is called the principle of administration by law), to protect the rights and freedoms of the people, and to clarify the scope of authority and responsibility of each agency and to increase efficiency.

In contrast, in traditional administrative law, administrative law was used to refer only to the specific law relating to administration, that is, "public law" relating to administration, which is different from private law that adjusts the interests of private individuals in their daily lives. The concept of "administrative law" in this sense was created and developed in countries with administrative judicial systems, such as France and Germany. In France, administrative courts were established to protect administrative power from suppression and interference by judicial power, and the legal principles of general private law (principles of public law) gradually came to be recognized through the decisions of these courts, and administrative law developed as a legal system specific to administration. This principle was accepted in Germany and other continental countries.

In contrast, common law countries do not, as a rule, recognize such special administrative law systems. However, in recent years, as the field of administrative activities has expanded and become more complex, technical requirements have led to the development of a system of so-called administrative committees in special administrative fields, and a new meaning of administrative law is gradually emerging.

In Japan, this continental legal system was introduced with the establishment of the modern state system, and under the Meiji Constitution, administrative law was considered to be a law specific to administration that regulates the relationship between administrative bodies and the people, and administrative courts were established to handle trials related to administrative law. In contrast, under the Japanese Constitution, administrative courts were abolished, following the example of the United Kingdom and the United States, and all legal disputes were to be tried in judicial courts, but the principle of special public law that had been formed under the Meiji Constitution was not denied. However, under the Meiji Constitution, the scope of administrative action was relatively narrow, and the focus of administrative action was on authority, so that public law was considered to be completely different from private law, and the special nature of the principle of public law tended to be emphasized. However, under the Japanese Constitution, administrative action came to be carried out widely in all areas of people's lives, and as service for the people came to be emphasized in particular, the relativity of the distinction between public law and private law was emphasized, and the principle of special public law gradually tended to be denied or neglected. However, the current general thinking is that when administrative power issues authoritative and unilateral orders and coercive actions against the people (for example, police actions and tax assessment and collection actions), or when private law principles should generally be applied, special systems should be established and public law principles should be allowed to apply in cases where consideration of the public interest is particularly required (for example, the management and operation of public property and facilities).

A recent phenomenon in administrative law is the emergence of new types of administrative action, such as planned administration and guided administration. Both of these phenomena have arisen with the expansion of administrative action, which actively intervenes in people's lives, but they are exceptions to the "principle of administration by law," and the new issue of how to achieve democratic control over them has become the subject of debate. In any case, administrative law is a new field of law created by modern nations, which is developing and expanding year by year, and the subject matter of its regulations is extremely broad and diverse, making it extremely difficult to establish an administrative code like the Civil Code or the Criminal Code, and a general code covering all aspects of administrative law has not yet been enacted.

[Masaaki Ikeda]

"Jiro Tanaka, Jurisprudence Collection 6: General Theory of Administrative Law" (1958, Yuhikaku)

[Reference items] | Administrative Operations Law | Administrative Organization Law

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

行政権の組織および作用に関する法の総称。内閣が行政を行うにあたって、具体的に国のどのような機関(役所)が担当するか、その機関はどういう仕組みであるか、機関と機関との関係はどのようなものであるか(これらについて定めたものは行政組織法とよばれる)、また行政の目的を実現するため国の機関が法律を適用し実施するについては、国民との間にどのような法律関係が形成されるか(これは行政作用法とよばれる)などを定めた法律のすべてが行政法である。民法や刑法などと異なり、「行政法」とよばれる統一的な法典があるわけではなく、行政の範囲が広いため、種々の内容や目的をもった多くの法律から成り立っており、これらを一般に行政法とよんでいる。

 このような行政法は、権力分立主義を前提として、行政権を立法によって制約する、すなわち行政権の恣意(しい)を防止するため、法律によって国の行政を行い(法律による行政の原則という)、国民の権利や自由を守ること、機関との権限と責任の範囲を明確にし能率を高めることを目的として観念せられたものである。

 これに対し、従来の行政法学で行政法という場合には、行政に関する特殊固有な法、すなわち、私人間の生活上の利害関係を調整する私法と異なる行政に関する「公法」だけをさす意味で用いられた。この意味での「行政法」の観念は、行政裁判制度をもつフランス、ドイツなどにおいて生成・発展してきた。フランスでは、行政権を司法権による抑圧・干渉から守るために行政裁判所が設けられ、その判決例によって、一般私法の法原理(公法原理)がしだいに認められるようになり、行政に固有の法体系としての行政法が発達した。この法理がドイツその他の大陸諸国に受け入れられた。

 これに対し英米法系の諸国では、原則としてこのような特殊な行政法体系を認めないが、近時、行政活動の分野が拡大し複雑になるにしたがって、技術的な要請から、特殊の行政分野に、いわゆる行政委員会の制度の発達をみるに至り、しだいに新しい意味の行政法の形成がみられつつある。

 日本では、近代国家体制の成立とともに、この大陸法的制度を移入し、明治憲法の下では、行政法は行政主体と国民との間を規律する行政に特殊固有の法であるとし、これに関する裁判にあたるために、行政裁判所が設置された。これに対して日本国憲法の下では、イギリス、アメリカ合衆国に倣い、行政裁判所は廃止され、法律上の争いはすべて司法裁判所において裁判されることになったが、明治憲法の下で形成されてきた特殊の公法原理は否定されてしまったわけではない。ただ明治憲法の下では、行政作用の範囲が比較的狭隘(きょうあい)であったこと、行政作用の中心が権力的な作用であったことなどとも関連して、公法は私法とはまったく異なった法であるとし、公法原理の特殊性が強調されがちであった。ところが日本国憲法の下では、行政作用が国民生活のあらゆる分野にわたって広範に行われるようになり、とくに国民のためのサービスが重視されるようになるにつれ、公法と私法との区別の相対性が強調され、特殊の公法原理がしだいに否定または軽視される傾向にある。しかし、それでも、行政権が国民に対して権力的・一方的に命令し、強制する場合(たとえば警察処分・租税賦課徴収処分)、または一般的には私法原理に服すべきものとしながら、とくに公益上の考慮を必要とする場合(たとえば公物・営造物の管理・運営)には特殊の制度を設け、公法原理の適用を認めるのが、現在の一般的な考え方である。

 行政法に関する最近の現象としては、計画行政とか指導行政などの新しい行政作用の型の出現がある。いずれも国民生活に行政が積極的に介入するという行政作用の拡大に伴って生じた現象であるが、「法律による行政の原理」の例外をなすものであり、それに対する民主的コントロールをどうするかという新しい問題が論議の対象となっている。いずれにしても、行政法は、近代国家の生み出した新しい、しかも年々発展し拡大する法分野であり、加えてその規律の対象が非常に広範多岐であるため、民法典や刑法典のような行政法典を設けることはきわめて困難で、行政法の全般にわたる通則的な法典は、まだ制定されるに至っていない。

[池田政章]

『田中二郎著『法律学全集6 行政法総論』(1958・有斐閣)』

[参照項目] | 行政作用法 | 行政組織法

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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