Duty - Gimu (English spelling)

Japanese: 義務 - ぎむ(英語表記)duty
Duty - Gimu (English spelling)

A certain constraint imposed on a person's thoughts or actions by a norm. There are many types depending on the nature of the authority that is the basis for it and the manner in which it is enforced.

In religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, religious obligations are imposed by a single, absolute God as proof of faith, and although compulsion is strictly imposed on one's thoughts, it also extends to one's actions. However, in Buddhism and other religions, particularly Japanese Shinto, authority tends to be pluralistic and compulsion to be indefinite.

In its pure form, moral and ethical obligations are commands that are imposed solely on the mind, with authority coming from conscience and no external coercion. Kant's theorization that the supreme command established by practical reason is something that people should practice themselves is a typical example. However, when it comes to social morality, common sense and social conventions also function as authority, and even people's eyes and public reputation have a coercive force, so there is external coercion in that sense.

Social obligations are social responsibilities that people should fulfill according to their status in society. Their authority originates in continuous social relations such as various organizations, groups, hierarchies, and classes, whether status, community, professional, or voluntary, or in various contacts, exchanges, cooperation, and other non-continuous interactions. In the former case, their fulfillment is required through representatives of the social relations, and in the latter case, through specific counterparts who are qualified to fulfill the obligation. Their enforcement is directed toward outward behavior, but also extends to the inner mind as the norms are internalized.

In modern states, legal obligations are formally established and approved by political authority with organizational coercive power, but in reality, the aforementioned social responsibilities are defined as obligations, and social qualifications as rights, in a special mutual correspondence relationship. Their distinctive features are that they are based on legitimate authority, guaranteed by compulsory sanctions imposed by power, and because they enforce disadvantages on people, their contents and conditions are strictly stipulated in the legal system.

[Masashi Chiba]

[References] | Norms

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

規範により人の内心ないし行動に課せられる一定の拘束のこと。その根拠となる権威の性質と強制の態様とにより多くの種類に分かれる。

 宗教的義務は、ユダヤ教、キリスト教、イスラム教などでは、唯一絶対の特定の神が信仰の証(あかし)として課するもので、強制は内心に厳しく加えられるが行動にも及ぶ。しかし仏教その他とくに日本の神道では、権威は多元的で、強制は不定な傾向にある。

 道徳的、倫理的義務は、純粋な形ではもっぱら内心に課せられる当為の命令であり、権威は良心に由来し、強制は外面には加えられない。カントが、実践理性が定立した至上命令を当為として人が自ら実践すべきもの、と理論化したのがその典型である。しかし社会道徳となると、人の常識や世の慣例なども権威として働き、人の目や世間の評判さえも強制力を帯びるので、その意味の外面的強制はある。

 社会的義務は、人が社会で占める地位に応じて役割を果たすべき社会的責任である。その権威は、身分的、地域的、職能的、自発的など多様な組織、集団、階層、階級などの継続的社会関係、あるいはさまざまの接触、交換、協同その他の非継続的な相互作用に淵源(えんげん)し、その履行は、前の場合は社会関係の代表者、あとの場合は義務に対応する資格をもつ特定の相手方を通して要求される。その強制は、外面の行動に向けられるが、規範が内面化しているのに応じて内心にも及ぶ。

 法的義務は、近代国家において形式的には、政治的権威が組織的強制力をもって制定、承認するものであるが、実体的には、前述の社会的責任が義務、そして社会的資格が権利として特殊な相互的対応関係のなかで限定されたものである。その特色は、正統の権威に基づくこと、権力による強制的なサンクションで保障されていること、および人に不利を強制するものであるからその内容、条件が法体系のなかで厳密に規定されていることにある。

[千葉正士]

[参照項目] | 規範

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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