Used for sequences and functions. (1) Limit value of a sequence Suppose the sequence { a n } is given. If there is a real number α, and if the error | a n - α| can be made as small as desired by continuously increasing n , then the sequence { a n } is said to converge to α, and this α is called the limit value of the sequence { a n }. This condition means that for any small positive number ε, if n is taken to be sufficiently large, it is possible for a m where m ≧ n to satisfy | a m - α| < ε, in other words, a m ( m ≧ n ) will fall within the ε neighborhood of α. (2) Limit value of a function Since the sequence { a n } can be thought of as a function y = f ( n ) whose domain is the set of natural numbers n ( n = 1, 2, ..., p , ...), the definition of the limit value of a sequence can be expanded to define the limit value of a general function related to a continuous transformation. Let the function be f ( x ). Now, as x approaches infinitely a constant value a , if f ( x ) approaches infinitely a constant value α, then α is said to be the limit value of f ( x ) as x approaches a , and is expressed using the symbols f ( x ) → α( x → a ) or . Following the same definition as for sequences, it is as follows: In other words, no matter how small the positive number ε is, if you take an appropriate positive number δ for it, then if 0 < | x - a | < δ then | f ( x )α| < ε, then f ( x ) is said to converge to α at x = a , and this α is called the limit value of f ( x ). Here, the position is that x = a is not the case, but there is also the position that x = a can be included. (3) The above has been generalized to define limits in topological spaces, the Moore-Smith limit for nets, limit values for filters, etc. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
数列および関数について使われる。 (1) 数列の極限値 数列{an}が与えられたとする。いまある実数αがあって,n をどんどん大きくすれば,誤差|an-α|をいくらでも小さくできるとき,数列{an}はαに収束するといい,このαを数列{an}の極限値という。この条件は,どんなに小さい正の数εに対しても,n を十分に大きくとれば,m≧n である am が|am-α|<εを満足するようにできること,すなわち am(m≧n)がαのε近傍に入ってしまうことを意味する。 (2) 関数の極限値 数列{an}は自然数 n(n=1,2,…,p,…)の集合を定義域とする関数 y=f(n) と考えられるから,数列の極限値の定義を拡張して,連続変換に関する一般の関数の極限値が定義される。関数を f(x) とする。いま x がかぎりなく一定値 a に近づくとき,f(x) がかぎりなく一定の値αに近づけば,αは,x が a に近づくときの f(x) の極限値であるといわれ,記号を用いて f(x)→α(x→a) または で表される。数列の場合にならって定義すれば次のとおりである。すなわち,正の数εをどんなに小さくとっても,それに対しての正の数δを適当にとれば,0<|x-a|<δならば|f(x)α|<εとなるとき,f(x) は,x=a においてαに収束するといい,このαを f(x) の極限値という。ここでは,x=a にはならないという立場であるが,x=a を入れる立場もある。 (3) 上記を一般化して,位相空間内の極限値,ネットに関するムーア・スミスの極限値,フィルターの極限値などが定義されている。 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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