Ferroelectrics - Ferroelectrics

Japanese: 強誘電体 - きょうゆうでんたい
Ferroelectrics - Ferroelectrics

This refers to a material that inherently has electric polarization. A pair of positive and negative point charges that exist in close proximity is called an electric dipole (or simply dipole). In this case, if the absolute value of the positive and negative charges is q , and the position vector drawn from the position of the negative point charge to the position of the positive point charge is r , then μ = qr is called the moment of this dipole. When many such dipoles exist within a material, the algebraic sum of their moments per unit volume, P = , is the quantity called the electric polarization of the material. Here, μ i is the moment of the i- th dipole. The state of electric polarization of a material is called the dielectric property of the material.

There are two types of dielectrics: paraelectric and ferroelectric. In the former, as shown in Figure (1), when the electric field E is 0, the electric polarization P is 0, and the relationship between P and E is almost linear. In the latter, as shown in Figure (2), even if E is 0, P is not 0, and the relationship between P and E is significantly nonlinear, and the value of P is different when E is increased and when E is decreased. In other words, in paraelectricity, P only exists when induced by E , whereas in ferroelectricity, electric polarization exists from the beginning. This type of electric polarization is called spontaneous (electric) polarization. A material that exhibits paraelectricity is called a paraelectric, and a material that exhibits ferroelectricity is called a ferroelectric. The P - E curve shown in Figure (2) of the ferroelectric is called a ( P - E ) hysteresis curve. When the temperature of a ferroelectric is raised, at a certain temperature, the ferroelectricity disappears and the material changes to a paraelectric. This temperature is called the Curie temperature or Curie point. In other words, at the Curie point, ferroelectrics undergo a phase transition from the ferroelectric phase to the paraelectric phase.

To date, about 250 types of ferroelectric substances are known, including barium titanate. Ferroelectrics are important as capacitor materials, piezoelectric materials, pyroelectric materials, electro-optical materials, etc.

[Shozo Sawada]

Paraelectricity and ferroelectricity (relationship between electric polarization and electric field) [Diagram]
©Shogakukan ">

Paraelectricity and ferroelectricity (electric polarization and electric field…


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

もともと電気分極をもっている物質のことをいう。プラスの点電荷とマイナスの点電荷とが近い位置に存在して1対をなしているものが電気双極子(または単に双極子)である。このとき、プラス、マイナス電荷の絶対値をq、マイナスの点電荷の位置からプラスの点電荷の位置へ引いた位置ベクトルをrとして、μ=qrはこの双極子のモーメントといわれる。物質の中にこのような双極子がたくさん存在するとき、それらのモーメントの代数和の単位体積当りの値 P= がこの物質の電気分極とよばれる量である。ただし、μii番目の双極子のモーメントである。物質の電気分極のようすのことを物質の誘電性という。

 誘電性には常誘電性と強誘電性とがある。前者では、の(1)に示すように、電界Eが0のとき電気分極Pは0であり、PEとの関係がほとんど直線である。後者では、の(2)に示すように、Eが0であってもPは0ではなく、PEとの関係が著しく非直線的であり、かつEを増加するときと減少するときとでPの値が異なる。すなわち、常誘電性ではPEで誘起されて初めて存在するのに対して、強誘電性ではもともと電気分極が存在する。このような電気分極は自発(電気)分極とよばれる。常誘電性を示す物質を常誘電体といい、強誘電性を示す物質を強誘電体という。なお、強誘電体のの(2)に示されるようなPE曲線のことを(PE)履歴曲線という。強誘電体の温度を上げると、ある温度でその強誘電性が消滅して常誘電性に変わる。この温度をキュリー温度またはキュリー点という。すなわち、強誘電体はキュリー点で強誘電相から常誘電相へ相転移をする。

 強誘電体としては現在までにチタン酸バリウムなど約250種類の物質が知られている。強誘電体はコンデンサー材料、ピエゾ電気材料、パイロ電気材料、電気光学材料などとして重要なものとなっている。

[沢田正三]

常誘電性と強誘電性(電気分極と電界との関係)〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

常誘電性と強誘電性(電気分極と電界との…


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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