Corporate concentration - Kigyoushuchu

Japanese: 企業集中 - きぎょうしゅうちゅう
Corporate concentration - Kigyoushuchu

In the process of market competition, capital and production are gradually drawn to a small number of companies, or companies merge with each other. This is called corporate concentration. Capitalist economies develop dynamically, driven by free competition between companies. As a result of this kind of market competition, it is inevitable that the winners and losers will be the ones who win. Large companies usually have a competitive advantage over small and medium-sized companies because they have superior facilities and advertising and sales power. When competition becomes intense or the economy worsens, the difference between good and weak companies becomes greater, and the former will absorb the latter, or companies will merge with each other to survive. In addition, in order to prevent market prices from falling due to intensified competition during a recession, many companies may agree to form cartels to maintain market prices or limit production to prevent this. In any case, capitalist economies constantly promote natural selection between companies through market competition, promote corporate mergers and combinations, and advance the process of economic power concentration in a small number of companies.

[Misono students, etc.]

Forms of business concentration

Forms of business concentration can be classified as follows depending on the form of combination:

(1) Horizontal and vertical combinations Horizontal combinations are combinations between companies that operate the same type of business, while vertical combinations are combinations between companies that vertically link related industries. For example, a merger between companies in the same industry is called a horizontal merger, and a merger between the raw materials production department, the processing department, and the secondary product department is called a vertical merger. Horizontal combinations are combinations between companies in the same industry, and therefore between companies competing in the same market. Therefore, whether it is a combination in the form of a merger or a combination by agreement, the competition between the combined companies disappears, so there is some degree of reduction in competition. In contrast, vertical combinations do not affect direct competition. However, by performing integrated production through vertical mergers or by forming exclusive (exclusive contract) affiliations with raw materials production companies or secondary product production companies, it is possible to gain a competitive advantage over a single company. In addition, there are cases where a company merges with companies that operate different businesses one after another to become a so-called conglomerate, which gives it a competitive advantage.

(2) Monopolistic and Non-Monopolistic Combinations When many companies in the same industry combine through an agreement, it is called a cartel, and when a monopolistic business entity is formed through a merger, it is called a trust. In contrast, a conglomerate is a diversified, comprehensive business group that combines companies in different industries. Good examples of this are the zaibatsu of Japan before the war and the Rockefeller Group and the Morgan Group in the United States. While cartels and trusts are themselves combinations aimed at monopolizing the market, in the case of a conglomerate, the combination itself does not create a monopoly, but since the companies that belong to the conglomerate are all huge and have monopolistic positions on their own, the conglomerate that brings these large companies together also has a power that is incomparable to that of a single company, and is a monopolistic entity.

In contrast, cases such as technical collaboration or business collaboration, where a company cooperates or partners with other companies on a certain business, cannot be said to have a monopolistic character in themselves. However, these non-exclusive combinations can also be transformed into monopolistic combinations by combining multiple companies. For example, a technical collaboration can develop into a group of exclusive patents or know-how licensing agreements, a so-called patent pool.

Incidentally, the word "combinat" is originally a Russian word meaning a business entity that combines production processes in a complex manner, but in Japan it is often used to refer to a multifaceted production cooperation entity between industrially related companies, such as petrochemical complexes.

[Misono students, etc.]

"Modern Business Form Theory" by Kamibayashi Sadajiro, Inoue Kiyoshi, and Gigaga Soichiro (1962, Minerva Shobo)""Management Form Theory" by Urabe Tomomi (1958, Moriyama Shoten)"Modern Industry Theory 2: Industrial Organization" edited by Shinohara Sandahei and Baba Masao (1974, Nihon Keizai Shimbun)""The Theory of Concentration of Control" by Koga Hidemasa (1952, Yuhikaku)

[References] | Cartel | Conglomerate | Konzern | Kombinat | Trust

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

市場における競争の過程で、しだいに少数の企業に資本と生産が吸引されたり、企業が相互に結合したりすることを企業集中という。資本主義の経済は、企業間の自由競争を原動力としてダイナミックな発展を遂げる。このような市場における競争の結果、企業間に優勝劣敗の差が生ずることは避けられない。通常、大企業は設備内容や、宣伝・販売の力において優れているから、中小企業より競争上有利である。競争が激しくなったり、景気が悪くなったりした場合には、優良企業と弱小企業との差が大きくなり、前者が後者を吸収合併したり、生き残るための企業相互の合併などが多くなる。また、不況時における競争の激化などにより、市場価格が低下することを防ぐため、多数の企業が協定して市場価格を維持したり、そのための生産制限を行ったりするカルテルを結ぶ場合もある。いずれにせよ資本主義の経済は、市場競争を通じて絶えず企業間の自然淘汰(とうた)を促し、企業合併や企業結合を促進し、少数の企業への経済力集中の過程を進行させることになる。

[御園生等]

企業集中の形態

企業集中の形態は、その結合の形態によって次のように分類される。

(1)水平的結合と垂直的結合 同種の業務を営む企業相互間の結合を水平的結合、関連した業種を縦に結ぶ企業間結合を垂直的結合という。たとえば同業種間の合併を水平的合併、原材料生産部門と加工部門、二次製品部門との合併を垂直的合併という。水平的結合は同業種間の結合であるから、同一の市場において競争を行っている企業間の結合である。したがって、それが合併という形の結合であれ、協定による結合であれ、結合企業間の競争は消滅するわけであるから、程度の違いはあるがなんらかの競争の減殺になる。これに反し、垂直的結合は、直接競争に影響はない。ただし、垂直的合併によって一貫生産を行うようになったり、原材料生産企業や二次製品生産企業と専属(排他的契約)系列を結んだりすることによって、単独企業に対し競争上有利な地位にたつことが可能である。また、他の業務を営む企業を次々と併合して、いわゆるコングロマリットになり、競争上有利な立場にたつ場合もある。

(2)独占的結合と非独占的結合 同業種に属する多くの企業が協定により結合する場合はカルテルであり、同じく合併によって独占的企業体となる場合はトラストである。これに対しコンツェルンは、異なった業種の企業を結合した多角的総合的企業集団をいう。戦前のわが国における財閥、アメリカのロックフェラー・グループ、モルガン・グループなどがその好例である。カルテル、トラストがそれ自体、市場における独占を目的とした結合体であるのに対し、コンツェルンの場合は、結合それ自体により独占的になるわけではないが、コンツェルンに属する企業がいずれも巨大企業であり、単独でも独占的な地位をもっているわけであるから、これらの大企業を総合したコンツェルンも、単独の企業に比べて隔絶した力をもち、独占的な結合体となる。

 これに対し、技術提携、業務提携など、一定の業務について他の企業と協力、提携する場合などは、それ自体は独占的性格をもつものとはいえない。しかし、これらの非独占的結合も、多数の企業を結合することによって、独占的な結合に転化する場合もある。技術提携が、排他的なパテントや、ノウハウの許諾契約グループ、いわゆるパテント・プールに発展する場合などである。

 なお、コンビナートは、本来、生産過程を複合的に結合した企業体というロシア語であるが、わが国では産業技術的な関連企業間の多角的生産協力体をいう場合が多い。石油化学コンビナートなどの場合である。

[御園生等]

『上林貞治郎・井上清・儀我壮一郎著『現代企業形態論』(1962・ミネルヴァ書房)』『占部都美著『経営形態論』(1958・森山書店)』『篠原三代平・馬場正雄編『現代産業論2 産業組織』(1974・日本経済新聞社)』『古賀英正著『支配集中論』(1952・有斐閣)』

[参照項目] | カルテル | コングロマリット | コンツェルン | コンビナート | トラスト

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Company town - Kigyojokamachi

>>:  Entrepreneur - Businessperson

Recommend

Decamps, Alexandre Gabriel

Born: March 3, 1803, Paris [Died] August 22, 1860....

Doctrine - doctrine

A translation of the Greek word dogma, also known ...

Kawarasakiza Theatre

A Kabuki theater in Edo. It was founded by Kawaraz...

Odawara Castle

Hirayama -jiro (castle on a mountain ) was located...

Tetraclinic

...The subfamily Cupressaceae includes species su...

Indian Theatre

There are various opinions about the origin of In...

Raft master

〘 noun 〙 A person whose occupation is to go down t...

Irumão (English spelling)

It is also written as Iruma or Nyuman. It is a Chr...

Nishinomiya [city] - Nishinomiya

Located in the southeastern part of Hyogo Prefectu...

Sminthillus limbatus (English spelling) Sminthilluslimbatus

... The genus Atelopus , which is a toad but has ...

Coprolite

...More recently, attempts have been made to surv...

Imame Asl - Now Me Aaasur

…The 12th generation entered a state of hiding (G...

IMF Drawing Rights - IMF Draw Rights

…In that case, member countries can withdraw the ...

Salto (English spelling)

The capital of Salto Department in northwestern Ur...

place kick

…You cannot aim directly at the goal. Place kick:...