Observing winds in the upper atmosphere using a balloon. There are fixed-volume balloons (also called fixed-altitude or constant-pressure balloons) made of rubber that expands when it reaches a high altitude, and fixed-volume balloons (also called fixed-altitude or constant-pressure balloons) made of non-expanding materials such as Mylar, and filled with helium or hydrogen. The gas pressure inside the balloon is balanced with the outside air pressure, and buoyancy is proportional to the balloon's volume. If the total weight of the balloon and the suspended object is less than the buoyancy, the balloon will rise while being carried by the wind. The balloons commonly used in Japan weigh about 600 grams and hang a radiosonde weighing about 700 grams, and rise to about 25 kilometers, when it becomes about 100 times the volume at ground level and bursts. Fixed-volume balloons float at a certain altitude, where buoyancy and gravity are balanced, at that air pressure level. Transosondes are fixed-volume balloons used for upper-altitude meteorological observation, and they float for days, observing the upper winds at every moment, and the temperature down to sea level by automatically dropping dropsondes. Tetroons are used to measure upper-air winds over a relatively small area. Balloons are also used for astronomical observations. [Takeji Shinohara] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
気球を利用して上空の風を観測すること。ゴム製で高所に達すると膨張する気球と、マイラーなど膨張しない材質の定容積気球(定高度気球・定圧気球とも)があり、ヘリウムまたは水素を詰める。気球内のガス圧力は外気圧とつり合い、気球容積に比例した浮力が得られる。気球と吊下(つりさ)げ物の合計重量が浮力より小ならば、気球は風に流されつつ上昇する。日本でよく使われる気球は、重さ約600グラムで約700グラムのラジオゾンデを吊り下げて約25キロメートルまで上昇、地上での約100倍の容積となり破裂する。定容積気球は一定高度で浮力と重力が均衡し、その気圧レベルで浮遊する。トランソゾンデは高層気象観測用の定容積気球で、何日間も浮遊し、刻々の上層風を、またドロップゾンデの自動投下により海面までの気温を観測する。テトルーンは、比較的狭い地域での上層風観測に使われる。なお天体観測でも気球を利用する。 [篠原武次] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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