Teaching - teaching

Japanese: 教授学 - きょうじゅがく
Teaching - teaching

It is an academic field that studies the process of teaching and learning, explores theories about the content and methods of teaching and learning, and directs practice. Because teaching and learning are at the core of the educational process, pedagogy is an important area within education.

Didactic science originally meant the technique of teaching, as can be seen from the etymological meaning of the German word Didaktik. It was Comenius in the 17th century who systematized it as "a universal technique for teaching all things to all people." In the 19th century, German educationalist Otto Willmann (1839-1920) separated didactic science from pedagogy and established its foundation as a theory of human cultivation from a social and historical standpoint. In the 20th century, empirical research methods were also adopted and research into didactic science became more active, but the academic system has not yet been fully established.

The problems in the teaching and learning process that are the subject of pedagogy include (1) the problem of teaching goals, i.e., what human qualities and abilities should be developed through teaching; (2) the problem of teaching materials, i.e., what teaching content or materials should be selected, arranged, and constructed in order to achieve that goal; (3) the problem of teaching methods, i.e., in what situation, along what learning process, and in what form should teaching be carried out; (4) the problem of teaching aids and learning tools, i.e., how to make effective use of blackboard notes, study notebooks, etc.; and (5) the problem of learning evaluation and its utilization, i.e., how to utilize evaluations before, during, and after the learning process.

In order to clarify such issues, methods such as analyzing records of teaching practice, lesson analysis in which lessons are observed, recorded and studied, and experiments in which certain hypotheses are formulated and verified are used.

[Hasegawa Sakae]

[References] | Education | Teaching methods | Lessons

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

教授し学習する過程を研究対象とし、教授と学習の内容と方法に関する理論を探究し実践を方向づける学問である。教授と学習は教育過程の中枢を占めるので、教授学は教育学のなかでも重要な一領域である。

 教授学は、ドイツ語のDidaktikの語源的意味からわかるように、もともとは教える技術という意味である。それを「あらゆる人にあらゆる事柄を教授する普遍的技術」として体系化したのは、17世紀のコメニウスである。19世紀には、ドイツの教育学者ビルマンOtto Willmann(1839―1920)が教授学を教育学から独立させて、社会的、歴史的立場から人間陶冶(とうや)論として基礎づけた。20世紀には実証的研究方法をも取り入れて、教授学の研究は盛んになっているが、学問的体系はまだ十分に確立されてはいない。

 教授学が対象とする教授・学習過程における問題としては、(1)人間のどんな資質や能力の形成を目ざして教授するかという教授目標の問題、(2)その目標を達成するためにどんな教授内容ないし教材を選択し配列し構成するかという教材の問題、(3)どんな状況でどんな学習過程に沿ってどんな形態において教授を進めていくかという教授法の問題、(4)板書や学習ノートなどをいかに有効に利用するかという教具や学習用具の問題、(5)学習過程の前・中・後の評価をどのように生かすかという学習評価とその活用の問題、などが指摘できる。

 このような問題を解明するために、教授実践の記録の分析、授業を観察し記録し研究する授業分析、一定の仮説をたてて検証していく実験などの方法が採用されている。

[長谷川榮]

[参照項目] | 教育学 | 教授法 | 授業

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Tetanus - Tetanus

>>:  Deodorant - deodorant

Recommend

Tile-built foundation

...There are only a few examples of brick foundat...

confection tout fait (English spelling) confectiontoutfait

...With excellent university specialized courses,...

Civil Law - Shiminho

Roman civil law (Ius civile in Latin) refers to t...

Enforcement - Enforcement

Compulsory performance is when a debtor does not ...

Saratoga (aircraft carrier)

… [After World War I] After the war, the Washingt...

The Courtesan of Awa, Naruto

Joruri Gidayubushi (a type of Japanese drama with...

Toucan (large beak) - Toucan (English spelling)

A general term for birds of the Ramphastidae famil...

Square brackets

…Circles are called full stops, and points are ca...

Suiyuan Province - Suiyuan Province (English spelling)

The name of a former province in China. In 1914, S...

FO - Forerunner

The central organization of right-wing trade unio...

Polaron

…On the other hand, there are cases where the mot...

Insulation material

A material used between two adjacent materials wi...

Yamato Sarugaku

A general term for Sarugaku troupes based in Yama...

Kitahama Primeval Flower Garden

Also known as Koshimizu Primeval Flower Garden. Lo...

Ficus lyrata (English spelling) Ficuslyrata

… [Takabayashi Masatoshi]. … *Some of the termino...