Chengde - Shoutoku

A prefecture-level city in the north of Hebei Province, China. It governs three city districts, five counties, and three autonomous counties (as of 2016). It has a population of 3.807 million (2014). It is located in the eastern part of the Yanshan Mountains, upstream of the Luan River, and is a key transportation hub connecting the Hebei Plain with the eastern part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the western part of Liaoning Province. It is one of the central cities in the north of Hebei Province, along with Zhangjiakou. Its main agricultural products are miscellaneous grains, medicinal materials, and fruits, and it produces iron ore, leading to a thriving steel and machinery industry. The Jinzhou-Chengde Line, the Jingtong Line (Beijing-Tongliao Line), and the Zhangtang Line (Zhangjiakou-Tangshan Line), which opened in 2015, pass through the city.

During the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, a villa was established as a summer resort, modelled on Shangdu in the Yuan Dynasty's Beijing, and the Jehol Office was established, named after the nearby river, and came under the direct control of the Imperial Court. It was later renamed Chengde Prefecture, and when Jehol Province was established in 1928, it became the provincial capital. In 1948, it became a city, and Chengde County was established in Xiabancheng Town to the south.

The summer resort, which is a detached palace, covers an area of ​​5.64 million square meters and includes many buildings and gardens, making it the largest surviving royal palace ruins in China. In addition, Tibetan Buddhist (Lamaist) temples such as Puning Temple, Pule Temple, and Putuo Zongjing Temple, known as the "Eight Outer Temples," were built in conjunction with the detached palace. In 1994, these were registered as a cultural heritage site on the World Heritage List by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) as "Chengde Summer Resort and the Eight Outer Temples" (World Cultural Heritage).

[Motohide Akiyama, Editorial Department, March 21, 2017]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、河北(かほく)省北部の地級市。3市轄区、5県、3自治県を管轄する（2016年時点）。人口380万7000（2014）。灤河(らんが)の上流、燕山(えんざん)山地の東部にあり、河北平野と内モンゴル自治区東部、遼寧(りょうねい)省西部を結ぶ交通の要衝で、張家口(ちょうかこう)と並ぶ河北省北部の中心都市である。主要な農産物は雑穀、薬材、果物などで、鉄鉱を産し鉄鋼・機械工業が発達する。錦承線（錦州(きんしゅう)―承徳）、京通線（北京(ペキン)―通遼(つうりょう)）、2015年開通の張唐線（張家口―唐山(とうざん)）が通る。

　清(しん)の康煕帝(こうきてい)のとき、元の北京に対する上都に倣い、夏季の避暑地として離宮が置かれ、付近の河川の名にちなんで熱河(ねっか)庁が設けられ、宮室の直轄地となった。のち承徳府と改められ、1928年熱河省が置かれたときは省都となった。1948年市になるとともに南の下板城鎮(かばんじょうちん)には承徳県が置かれた。

　離宮である避暑山荘は面積564万平方メートル、多くの建造物、庭園を含み、現存する中国最大の王宮遺跡である。このほか「外八廟(がいはちびょう)」とよばれる普寧(ふねい)寺、普楽寺、普陀(ふだ)宗乗廟などのチベット仏教（ラマ教）寺院も離宮に付随して建てられた。これらは1994年、ユネスコ（国連教育科学文化機関）により「承徳の避暑山荘と外八廟」として世界遺産の文化遺産に登録された（世界文化遺産）。

［秋山元秀・編集部　2017年3月21日］

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