When light or radiation with a continuous spectrum passes through an object, dark areas appear in various parts of the continuous spectrum due to absorption by the object. This is generally called an absorption spectrum. Fraunhofer observed the spectrum of the sun using a spectroscope and found 576 dark lines, and gave the main lines A, B, C, etc., in order of longest wavelength (reddest). These are the Fraunhofer lines, and Kirchhoff later revealed that they are absorption lines of the solar spectrum. For example, the D line is an absorption line of sodium atoms. Linear absorption spectra can be easily observed in sodium and mercury vapor. However, atomic absorption spectra are generally very sharp, so absorption by atomic vapor cannot be observed unless a sufficiently sharp monochromatic light source (such as a hollow cathode tube) is used. The method of chemical analysis by measuring atomic absorption is called atomic absorption spectrometry and is widely used. The absorption spectrum of a molecule shows a line structure in the case of simple gas molecules, but gives a band spectrum in which the linear structure is difficult to recognize in the case of complex molecules. Liquids and solids give band spectra that are not clearly resolved. Absorption spectra are determined by the chemical structure of the substance. In other words, they are the result of energy absorption corresponding to vibrations, rotations, etc. within the molecule, so they are widely used in determining the structure and analysis of organic compounds. The wavelength range used ranges from ultraviolet to visible, infrared and microwave regions, depending on the energy levels of the molecules to be observed. Searching for interstellar matter using microwaves is an important theme in radio astronomy. [Atsunosuke Nakajima] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
連続スペクトルをもつ光または放射線が物体を通過する際、この物体による吸収のために連続スペクトルの各所に暗黒な部分が現れる。これを一般に吸収スペクトルという。フラウンホーファーは太陽のスペクトルを分光器を用いて観測し576本もの黒線を発見し、それらのおもな線に波長の長いほう(赤いほう)から順にA、B、Cといった符号をつけた。これがフラウンホーファー線であるが、それが太陽スペクトルの吸収線であることは、のちにキルヒホッフによって明らかにされた。たとえばD線はナトリウム原子による吸収線である。ナトリウムや水銀の蒸気などでは容易に線状の吸収スペクトルが観察できる。しかし一般には原子吸収スペクトルはきわめて先鋭なので、十分先鋭な単色光源(ホローカソード管など)を用いなければ、原子蒸気による吸収を観測することはできない。原子吸収の測定により化学分析を行う方法を原子吸光分析法といい、広く用いられている。 分子による吸収スペクトルは簡単な気体分子などの場合には線構造を示すが、複雑な分子では線状構造の認めがたい帯スペクトルを与える。液体、固体では明瞭(めいりょう)には分解しない帯スペクトルを与える。吸収スペクトルは物質の化学構造によって決まる。すなわち、分子内の振動、回転などに対応するエネルギー吸収の結果生ずるので、有機化合物の構造決定、分析などに広く利用される。利用される波長域は、観測すべき分子のエネルギー準位に応じて、紫外部から可視、赤外およびマイクロ波領域にまで及ぶ。マイクロ波を用いる星間物質の探索は電波天文学の重要なテーマである。 [中島篤之助] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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