Mandarin - Kanwa (English spelling)

Japanese: 官話 - かんわ（英語表記）Mandarin

The official language of Chinese officials. This name was given to the common language that took its prototype from the current Beijing Mandarin at the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, and spread through the period when Beijing was the capital of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It was later called Guoyu ("national language") and now Putonghua ("Putonghua"), but the name Mandarin is still often used among foreigners. The Mandarin dialect, which accounts for three-quarters of the Han-speaking region and 70% of the population, is subdivided into four sub-divisions: (1) Northern Mandarin (Hebei, Henan, the three northeastern provinces, Shandong, Inner Mongolia). (2) Northwest Mandarin (Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, etc.). (3) Southwest Mandarin (Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, etc.). (4) Lower Jiang Mandarin (Anhui, Nanjing, Yangzhou, etc.). (2) and (3) are sometimes combined and divided into three. It is characterized by the disappearance of -p, -t, -k, and -m, the disappearance of voiced finals, the simplification of finals, and the increase in light tones. In Mandarin Beijing, which forms the basis of standard Chinese, the phenomenon of r-ing and retroflexion is also prominent.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国における官吏の公用語の意味。唐末北宋に現在の北京官話の祖型をとり，金元の北京首都時代を経て広まった共通語に，明清時代につけられた名称である。のちにクオユー (「国語」) ，さらに現在ではプートンホア (「普通話」) と呼ばれるようになったが，官話の名称も外国人の間などで依然使われることが多い。漢語地区の4分の3，人口の 70%を占める官話音系は次の4つに下位区分される。 (1) 北方官話 (河北，河南，東北三省，山東，内モンゴル) 。 (2) 西北官話 (山西，陝西，甘粛，青海など) 。 (3) 西南官話 (湖北，四川，雲南，貴州など) 。 (4) 下江官話 (安徽，南京，揚州など) 。 (2) と (3) をまとめ，3分することもある。-p，-t，-k，-mの消失，濁音声母の消失，韻母の単純化，軽声の増加などを特色とする。中国語標準語の根幹をなす北京官話は，さらに，r化，そり舌化の現象が目立つ。

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