A structure that transfers and supports the load acting from the superstructure to a reliable foundation, and is broadly divided into spread foundations, pile foundations, and caisson foundations. In architectural terms, foundation work refers to piles and other structures installed below the foundation slab. [Akira Kono, Hitoshi Shimizu, and Takashi Shigitani] Direct foundationA type of foundation that supports a structure directly on the foundation ground. There are various types, such as an independent footing that supports one column, a band-shaped footing that supports two or more columns or walls, a footing that is connected with an underground beam, and a single slab that supports many columns or walls, also called a mat foundation, raft foundation, or slab. Spread foundations are generally economical when there is a good bearing layer relatively shallow from the ground surface. Although it depends on the importance, size, and magnitude of the load of the structure, bedrock, well-compacted sand or gravel layer, and hard clay layer can usually be considered as good bearing layers. When the ground is soft, it is necessary to select a structural type that is as resistant to the adverse effects of settlement, especially uneven settlement, as much as possible. Care must be taken with loose sand layers, as they may liquefy during an earthquake. Depending on the conditions, it may be necessary to improve the ground. [Akira Kono, Hitoshi Shimizu, and Takashi Shigitani] Pile foundationA deep elastic foundation that uses precast piles or cast-in-place piles. It is used when the bearing layer is deep and direct foundations cannot be applied. It is one of the deep foundations along with the caisson foundation, but generally has advantages over the caisson foundation in terms of construction costs and time. There is a wide variety of materials and construction methods, which gives it an advantage of being able to choose from a wide range of cross sections and lengths. In recent years, due to the increasing size of structures and the need to reliably and quickly construct deep foundations with high bearing capacity, construction technology for pile foundations has improved rapidly, and it has become possible to construct large-diameter and long piles. Large-diameter piles with cross-sections similar to small caissons are also being constructed, and pile foundations are tending to be widely adopted even in areas where caisson foundations were previously used. There are also many cases of constructing long piles to depths of 70 to 80 meters. In places where the soft layer is thick and long piles are required, it is necessary to deal with the downward friction force (negative friction) acting on the piles, and various countermeasures for this have been devised and are being put to practical use. [Akira Kono, Hitoshi Shimizu, and Takashi Shigitani] Caisson foundationA foundation that is installed by excavating the ground from the bottom of a box-shaped or cylindrical foundation body (caisson) fabricated above ground and lowering it. In design, it is treated as a rigid foundation. It has long been used for bridge foundations and other important structures, and has a long track record of construction. In terms of stability and durability, it is considered the most reliable type of deep foundation. Depending on the construction method, it can be broadly divided into open caissons and pneumatic caissons. Open caissons excavate and discharge the soil inside the caisson in the air or underwater, and have the advantage that they can be constructed with relatively simple equipment. However, they have disadvantages such as being difficult to construct if there are boulders or obstacles in the excavated ground, and being prone to loosening the surrounding ground. Pneumatic caissons have an airtight work chamber under the structure where compressed air is pumped in to remove water that seeps into the caisson during construction, and have the following advantages: they are not hindered by water, construction can be done reliably while directly checking the supporting ground, they can be applied to any type of soil, and obstacles can be removed.However, they have some disadvantages, such as the need for special machinery and equipment, which makes them more expensive than other construction methods, restrictions on construction depth due to work being done under high pressure, and noise and vibration issues due to the use of large compressors. In recent years, steel pipe sheet pile foundations and diaphragm wall foundations, which have intermediate properties between caisson foundations and pile foundations, have been developed, and there is a movement to construct extremely large-scale installed caissons and multi-column foundations as underwater foundations for strait crossing bridges. As a result, the concepts of "caisson" and "pile" are also tending to diversify. [Akira Kono, Hitoshi Shimizu, and Takashi Shigitani] [Reference item] |©Shogakukan "> Main types of foundation work Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
上部構造から作用する荷重を、信頼できる地盤に伝達、支持させる構造物で、直接基礎、杭(くい)基礎、ケーソン基礎に大別される。建築用語では、基礎工のうち基礎スラブより下に設ける杭などを称して地業(ちぎょう)という。 [河野 彰・清水 仁・鴫谷 孝] 直接基礎構造物を基礎地盤上に直接支持させる形式の基礎。1本の柱を支持する独立フーチングfooting、2本以上の柱や壁を支持する帯状のフーチング、フーチングを地中梁(ばり)で連結したもの、べた基礎あるいはいかだ基礎またはラフトraft基礎ともよばれる単一の版で多くの柱や壁を支持するものなど、種々の形式がある。直接基礎は、地表面から比較的浅いところに良好な支持層がある場合は一般に経済的である。構造物の重要性、規模、荷重の大きさなどによって異なるが、通常、岩盤、十分締まった砂または砂礫(されき)層、硬質粘土層などは良質な支持層とみなしうる。地盤が軟弱な場合には、沈下による影響、とくに不同沈下による悪影響をできるだけ受けにくい構造形式を選ぶことが必要である。緩い砂層では地震時に基礎地盤の液状化を生じることがあるので注意を要する。条件によっては地盤を改良する必要が生じる。 [河野 彰・清水 仁・鴫谷 孝] 杭基礎既製杭や場所打ち杭を用いる深い弾性体基礎。支持層が深く直接基礎が適用できないような場合に用いられる。ケーソン基礎と並ぶ深い基礎の一つであるが、一般に工費および工期の面ではケーソン基礎に比べて有利であることが多い。材料、施工法とも多様で選択の幅が大きい利点があり、断面、長さとも各種のものが施工可能である。 近年、構造物の大型化、支持力の大きい深い基礎を確実かつ迅速に施工することの必要性などから、杭基礎の施工技術は急速に向上しており、順次大径かつ長尺の杭が施工可能になってきた。小型のケーソンに近い断面の大径杭も施工され、従来ケーソン基礎で施工された分野にまで杭基礎が広く採用される傾向にある。深度が70~80メートルに及ぶ長尺杭の施工実績も多い。軟弱層が厚く、長尺杭を必要とするところでは、杭に作用する下向きの摩擦力(ネガティブフリクションnegative friction)に対処する必要があり、この対策工法も種々考案され実用に供されている。 [河野 彰・清水 仁・鴫谷 孝] ケーソン基礎地上で製作した箱状または筒状の基礎躯体(くたい)(ケーソンcaisson)の底部から地盤を掘削しながら沈下させて設置する基礎。設計上は剛体基礎として取り扱われる。古くから橋梁(きょうりょう)基礎をはじめ重要構造物の基礎に多用され、数多くの施工実績がある。安定性、耐久性の点で深い基礎としてはもっとも信頼できる基礎形式とされている。施工法によりオープンケーソンopen caissonとニューマチックケーソンpneumatic caissonに大別される。 オープンケーソンは、ケーソン内部の土砂を大気中または水中で掘削し、排出するもので、比較的簡単な設備で施工できる利点がある。しかし、掘削地盤内に転石や障害物があると施工が困難であり、周辺地盤を緩めやすいなどの短所がある。 ニューマチックケーソンは、施工中ケーソン内に浸入する水を排除するため、躯体下部に圧縮空気を送り込む気密作業室を設けるものをいい、水の妨害を受けず、支持地盤を直接確認しながらの施工が確実であり、あらゆる土質に適用でき、障害物の除去が可能である、などの利点がある。反面、特殊な機械設備を要し、一般に他の工法に比べて割高となること、高気圧下の作業となるため施工深さに制約があること、大型コンプレッサーを用いるため騒音、振動が問題になること、などの短所がある。 近年、ケーソン基礎と杭基礎の中間的な性質をもつ鋼管矢板式基礎や地下連続壁基礎が開発され、また海峡横断橋の海中基礎としてきわめて大規模の設置ケーソンや多柱式基礎が施工されるなどの動きがある。このため「ケーソン」「杭」の概念も多様化する傾向にある。 [河野 彰・清水 仁・鴫谷 孝] [参照項目] |©Shogakukan"> 基礎工のおもな種類 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
...The rifleman Acanthisitta chloris (English nam...
...the general term for the Indians who lived in ...
→Palatinate War Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia Ab...
A cave site on the right bank of the Dyuktai River...
…The appearance of the large saw brought about a ...
The area from the low tide line on the coast to w...
In Turkish and Mongolian, it originally meant a g...
〘noun〙 A typeface published by the Jesuits on Amak...
…A lake in the Yufutsu Plain in the central south...
…As their elegant name suggests, this group of he...
It is said to be the work of the Confucian scholar...
… [Okamoto Motoji]. … *Some of the terminology th...
→ Jay Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica A...
Ears (also called "ears"). No Hon" ...
One method of measuring gas concentration is to ta...