An important motif in narrative literature and oral literature. A type of tale in which a young god or a high-ranking young protagonist leaves the capital (or hometown) and continues to wander, encounters various hardships, and overcomes them with the help of animals, wisdom, or the discovery of treasure, becoming a hero or achieving a high position. It is a prominent theme in traditional Japanese literature. Examples include the protagonists in myths such as Sukunahikona no Kami, Okuninushi no Mikoto, Yamasachihiko, and Yamato Takeru no Mikoto, as well as the passage about Hikaru Genji's exile in the Suma and Akashi chapters of The Tale of Genji. The original form of this type of tale was to tell the origin stories of many gods who came to the human world from the heavens or the land of eternity. Shinobu Orikuchi gave the name "Tales of the Wandering Nobleman" to the story of a man (god) who came from the land of Tokoyo (an utopia of fruitfulness and longevity that the ancient Japanese people believed existed beyond the eternal horizon) by staying in a hollow, open-air boat. This full-scale story is a tale of a nobleman's wanderings by the sea. The Amataburi poems of Karu no Miko and Karu no Oiratsume, which can be found in the Kojiki, Nihon Shoki, and Manyoshu, as well as the group of works that could be called the Amauta poems of Ama no Okimi, are probably based on the traditions of the Amabe people. The love poems of Nakatomi no Yakamori and Chigami no Iratsume were probably historical facts, but the public understood the tales of the wandering nobleman within this type of genre. Sukunahikona, who washed ashore from across the sea in the form of a small god to help build the country and was then bounced off a millet stalk to cross the land of eternity, is a god who traveled far and wide to visit Japan and then return to the land of the gods after a period of wandering. The celestial maiden named after the origin of Nagu Shrine in the "Tango no Kuni Fudoki" (a lost piece of writing) tells of how her feather robe was stolen, she experienced the suffering of this world, and was reincarnated as the god of food. This lineage is continued in stories such as Princess Kaguya in "The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter" and the wandering tale of an old man traveling east in "The Tales of Ise," and further through ancient and medieval stories and tales such as Toshikage in "The Tales of Utsubo" and Yoshitsune in "The Tale of Yoshitsune," and even to the tragic protagonists of sekkyobushi stories such as Oguri Hangan, Aigo no Waka, and Shuntokumaru. [Shogo Watanabe] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
説話文学や口承文芸における重要なモチーフ。幼い神や身分高く若い主人公が、都(もしくは生まれ故郷)を離れて放浪を続け、種々の艱難辛苦(かんなんしんく)に遭遇し、動物の援助や知恵の働き、財宝の発見などによって、試練を克服して英雄となったり尊い地位につくという、説話の一類型。日本文学における伝承上の際だった主題である。たとえば少彦名神(すくなひこなのかみ)、大国主命(おおくにぬしのみこと)、山幸彦(やまさちひこ)、日本武尊(やまとたけるのみこと)などの神話に登場する主人公から、『源氏物語』の須磨(すま)・明石(あかし)巻に記された光源氏の流謫(りゅうたく)の一節などがあげられよう。この説話類型の本来の形は、天上もしくは常世(とこよ)の国から人間界に訪れてきた多くの神々の来由(らいゆ)譚を語ることにあった。常世(古代日本民族が永遠の水平線のかなたに存在すると信仰した稔(みの)りと長寿の理想郷)の国から、入口のない中空のうつぼ舟に閉じこもって訪れた人(神)の話に、折口信夫(しのぶ)は「貴種流離譚」と命名した。その本格的な語りは貴人の海辺流離の物語である。『古事記』『日本書紀』『万葉集』などにみられる軽王(かるのみこ)・軽大郎女(かるのおおいらつめ)の天田振(あまたぶり)や、麻績王(あまのおおきみ)の海人歌(あまうた)というべき作品群などは、海人部(あまべ)の伝承によるものであろう。中臣宅守(なかとみのやかもり)と茅上郎女(ちがみのいらつめ)の相聞歌(そうもんか)も歴史的事実であったろうが、世人はこの類型のなかに貴種流離譚を理解したのである。海のかなたから小(ちい)さ子神の姿で漂着して国づくりを助け、粟稈(あわがら)にはじかれて常世に渡る少彦名神は、はるか異郷を旅してののちに国土を訪れ流離のすえに神の国へ帰る貴神の姿を備えたものである。『丹後国風土記(たんごのくにふどき)』逸文(いつぶん)奈具社(なぐのやしろ)の由来にちなむ天女は、羽衣を奪われこの世の苦しみを体験し食物の神に転生することを語っている。『竹取物語』のかぐや姫や『伊勢(いせ)物語』東下りの昔男のさすらいの物語にも、この系譜は引き継がれ、さらに『うつほ物語』の俊蔭(としかげ)、『義経記(ぎけいき)』の義経(よしつね)などの古代・中世の物語や語物を経て、小栗判官(おぐりはんがん)、愛護若(あいごのわか)、俊徳丸などの説経節の悲しい主人公まで、その類型は模倣され受け継がれている。 [渡邊昭五] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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