Kanto Plain

Japanese: 関東平野 - かんとうへいや
Kanto Plain

The largest plain in Japan, occupying the majority of the Kanto region. It is bounded to the north by the Abukuma Highlands, the Yamizo Mountains, the Ashio Mountains, and the volcanic group belonging to the Nasu Volcanic Belt, to the west by the Kanto Mountains, and to the south by the Boso and Miura Hills. It also borders the Kashima Nada Sea and Kujukuri Beach to the east, and Tokyo and Sagami Bays to the south. Most of the rivers originate in the mountains in the north and west, flow east or southeast through the plain, and empty into the Pacific Ocean and Tokyo and Sagami Bays. These include the Tone River in the center, the Watarase River, Kinu River, Kokai River, Naka River, and Kuji River in the north, and the Arakawa River, Tama River, Sagami River, and Sakawa River in the south. Of these, the Tone River is the longest, and its drainage basin area is the largest in Japan, covering 16,800 square kilometers. These rivers create hills and plateaus and alluvial lowlands made of diluvial deposits in their respective drainage basins.

The hills are based on Tertiary layers and rise higher than the plateau, with the Sayama Hills and Tama Hills on the Musashino Plateau being good examples, with gentle undulations at around 100 to 200 meters above sea level. The Hiki, Koma, Kusahana, Kaji and other hills found on the eastern edge of the Kanto Mountains are in contact with the fault cliff (Hachioji Tectonic Line) on the border with the Kanto Mountains, and are approximately 200 meters high.

The plateau occupies the largest area of ​​all the landforms in the Kanto Plain, and consists mainly of the Omiya, Musashino, Sagamihara, and Joso plateaus. These are divided into a number of smaller plateaus by shallow eroded valleys with a relative height of 20 to 40 meters that develop like dendritic branches. The Musashino plateau is wide in area, with the urban area of ​​Ome at its western end at an elevation of 190 meters, spreading out like an alluvial fan from this peak, and the Yamanote plateau of Tokyo at its eastern end, with cliffs of around 20 meters, bordering the alluvial plains of the Arakawa and Sumida rivers (the Shitamachi lowlands). The surface of the plateaus is covered with the Kanto Loam layer, a volcanic ash soil, and it is believed that the northern part is made up of volcanic ash from Mt. Asama, Mt. Haruna, and Mt. Akagi, while the southern part is made up of volcanic ash from Mt. Hakone and Mt. Fuji. Another distinctive feature of the Kanto Plain is that terraces are found almost without exception in the upper and middle reaches of the rivers that flow through it.

Another point of interest is the slope of the land surface of the Kanto diluvial hills and plateaus. In general, they all gently slope toward the midstream of the Tone River near Kurihashi (Saitama Prefecture) and Tokyo Bay, forming a basin-like structure as a whole (more precisely, they can be divided into three or four small basins). Moreover, since the slope of the strata of the hills and plateaus is almost the same as that of the land surface, it can be said that the Kanto Plain has a flexural basin structure centered around Kurihashi. The basin-forming movement that created such basins is thought to have begun in the Tertiary Period, and was particularly active immediately after the deposition of the Kanto Loam Layer. Recently, many active faults have been discovered within the Musashino Plateau, and their movements are considered to be valuable information for earthquake prediction. Thus, the basin-forming crustal movement of the Kanto Plain continues to this day, and the central area of ​​the Kanto Tectonic Basin continues to sink, albeit slowly, and the Old Tone River flows down this subsidence zone toward Tokyo Bay. It is said that when the Tone River floods in its midstream, the flood water flows down toward Tokyo Bay due to the nature of the structural basin of the Kanto Plain.

Historically, the Kanto Plain was less developed than the other plains in the Kinki region. However, it began to open up from the middle of the Heian period, and the political city of Kamakura was established in the Kamakura period. In the Edo period, Edo, located at the back of Tokyo Bay, became the base of the Edo Shogunate, and many feudal lords built their Edo residences under the alternate attendance system, and Edo developed into one of the world's largest cities at the time. This was accompanied by the active development of new fields in the downstream deltas and plateaus of the rivers of the nearby Kanto Plain, and in the mid- to late Edo period, tobacco (Hadano, Motegi, Karasuyama) and hemp (Taima) were produced, and in the later Edo period, kanpyo (dried gourd) (Tochigi Prefecture) was produced, as well as sericulture, silk reeling, silk weaving (from the northwest to western parts of the plain), and soy sauce production (Choshi, Noda). Luxury clothing and food, including silk and sake, were transported to Edo by cargo ships from Kamigata (Kyoto, Osaka). When Tokyo became the capital of Japan in the Meiji era, transportation (railroads, ports) was developed with Tokyo at its center, traditional industries were modernized, new industries (heavy chemical industries) were introduced, and the modern development of the entire plain was also promoted. Today, a new transportation network centered on Keihin is being rapidly developed throughout the Kanto Plain, including the southern Kanto region adjacent to Tokyo, and numerous satellite cities have developed, making it the most urbanized and industrialized region in the country.

[Yukio Asaka]

Mouth of the Tone River
A large river that flows southeast through the Kanto Plain and empties into the Pacific Ocean. Its drainage area of ​​16,840 km is the largest in Japan. The photo shows the river mouth near Choshi City, Chiba Prefecture (left), with Ibaraki Prefecture on the opposite bank. During the Edo period, it was the gateway to the Tone River water transport, transporting goods to Edo by going upstream to the river port of Sekijuku. Choshi City, Chiba Prefecture / Kamisu City, Ibaraki Prefecture ©Shogakukan ">

Mouth of the Tone River


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

関東地方の主要部を占める日本最大の平野。北は阿武隈(あぶくま)高地、八溝(やみぞ)山地と足尾(あしお)山地、那須(なす)火山帯に属する火山群により、西は関東山地、南は房総、三浦両丘陵によって限られ、また東部は鹿島灘(かしまなだ)、九十九里(くじゅうくり)浜に、南部は東京、相模(さがみ)両湾に接している。河川の多くは北部と西部の山地から発して、平野を東または南東へ向かって流れ、太平洋と東京、相模両湾へ流入している。すなわち、中央部の利根川(とねがわ)と、北部の渡良瀬(わたらせ)川、鬼怒(きぬ)川、小貝(こかい)川、那珂(なか)川、久慈(くじ)川や、南部の荒川、多摩川、相模川、酒匂(さかわ)川などがこれである。なかでも利根川はもっとも長大で、その流域面積は日本最大で1.68万平方キロメートルを占めている。これらの河川は、それぞれの流域に洪積層からなる丘陵・台地と沖積低地をつくっている。

 丘陵は第三紀層を基盤とし、台地面から一段と高く盛り上がっているもので、武蔵野台地(むさしのだいち)上の狭山丘陵(さやまきゅうりょう)と多摩丘陵がそのよい例で、標高100~200メートル内外の緩やかな起伏をなしている。また、関東山地の東縁の山地続きにみられる比企(ひき)、高麗(こま)、草花(くさはな)、加治(かじ)などの諸丘陵は、関東山地との境の断層崖(がい)(八王子構造線)の接触地域で、高さはほぼ200メートルである。

 台地は、関東平野の諸地形中もっとも広い地域を占め、大宮、武蔵野、相模原、常総(じょうそう)の諸台地がおもなものである。これらは、樹枝状に発達した比高20~40メートルの浅い侵食谷によって、いくつもの小台地に分けられている。武蔵野台地は面積が広く、西端の青梅(おうめ)の市街地では標高190メートルで、ここを頂点として扇状地状に広がり、東端の東京の山手(やまのて)台地は20メートル内外の崖(がけ)で、荒川、隅田(すみだ)川の沖積地(下町(したまち)低地)に接している。諸台地の表面は火山灰質土壌の関東ローム層で覆われており、北部のそれは浅間(あさま)、榛名(はるな)、赤城(あかぎ)などの火山灰が、南部のそれは箱根、富士の火山灰が堆積(たいせき)したものとされている。段丘が、関東平野を流れる諸河川の上流・中流部にほとんど例外なくみられるのも、関東平野の特色である。

 さらに注目されるのは、関東の洪積層の丘陵や台地の地表面の傾斜である。大きくみると、いずれも利根川中流の栗橋(くりはし)(埼玉県)付近や東京湾へ向かって緩やかに傾斜し、全体として盆地状をなしている(詳しくは3~4の小盆地に分けられる)。しかも丘陵と台地の地層の傾斜がまた地表面のそれとほぼ同じであるので、関東平野は栗橋付近を中心とした撓曲(とうきょく)盆地構造をなしているといえる。このような盆地をつくる造盆地運動は第三紀に始まったと考えられているが、関東ローム層の堆積直後にとくに活発であったようである。また最近、武蔵野台地内で多くの活断層が発見され、その動きは地震予知の貴重な資料とされる。こうして、この関東平野の造盆地性の地殻運動は現在も続き、関東構造盆地の中央地域はわずかずつながら沈下を続け、古利根(ふるとね)川はこの沈降帯を東京湾へ向けて流下していた。利根川が中流で氾濫(はんらん)すると、その洪水流が東京湾へ向けて流下するのは、こうした関東平野の構造盆地の性質によるものとされる。

 関東平野は、歴史上は近畿地方の諸平野に比べて開発が遅れていた。しかし、平安時代の中ごろから開け始め、鎌倉時代には鎌倉という政治都市がつくられた。江戸時代に入ると、東京湾奥の江戸が江戸幕府の拠点となり、参勤交代制によって諸大名の江戸屋敷がつくられ、江戸は当時としては世界有数の大都市に発展した。これに伴って、それに近い関東平野の諸河川の下流の三角州や諸台地の新田開発が盛んとなり、江戸中期、後期にはタバコ(秦野(はだの)、茂木(もてぎ)、烏山(からすやま))や大麻(たいま)、後期にかんぴょう(栃木県)の生産や、養蚕、製糸、絹織物業(平野の北西部から西部にかけて)、しょうゆ造り(銚子(ちょうし)、野田)などがおこった。江戸へは上方(かみがた)(京、大坂)から絹、酒をはじめ高級衣食料品が廻船(かいせん)で輸送されていた。明治に入って東京が日本の首都となると、東京を中心に交通(鉄道、港湾)が整備され、在来工業の近代化、新産業(重化学工業)の導入が図られ、全平野の近代的開発も進められた。現在、東京に近接する南関東諸地域をはじめ全関東平野では、京浜を核とする新交通網が急速に整備され、各種の衛星都市が数多く発達し、全国第一の都市化、工業化地域となっている。

[浅香幸雄]

利根川河口
関東平野を南東流して太平洋に注ぐ大河川。流域面積1万6840kmはわが国最大である。写真は千葉県銚子市(写真左)付近の河口で、対岸は茨城県。江戸時代には上流の河港関宿までさかのぼって江戸へ物資を運ぶ利根川水運の玄関口であった。千葉県銚子市/茨城県神栖市©Shogakukan">

利根川河口


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