Control tower - Kanseito (English spelling) control tower

Japanese: 管制塔 - かんせいとう(英語表記)control tower
Control tower - Kanseito (English spelling) control tower

A tower-like structure established primarily for the purpose of safely and efficiently guiding aircraft arriving and departing at an airport (known as air traffic control). Sometimes referred to as a control tower, or simply called "tower," in reference to its function.

[Kazuo Ochiai]

the purpose

Whether under instrument flight rules (IFR) or visual flight rules (VFR), the air traffic control center guides aircraft that leave the control zone and begin approaching the airport, controls the approach to the runway, landing, and spot (parking area) assignment, as well as taxiing to that point. It also approves the taxiing and takeoff of departing aircraft from the spot to the takeoff point, and transfers control of aircraft after takeoff from the area around the airport (called the airport control zone) to the control center. In addition, it controls all aircraft flying within the airport control zone, as well as the movement of all aircraft, vehicles, and pedestrians within the airport. It also reports meteorological information (atmospheric information, i.e. wind direction, wind speed, temperature, air pressure, cloud cover, cloud height, runway visibility, weather, etc.) within the scope agreed upon with the Japan Meteorological Agency, and performs rescue operations in emergencies (such as requesting the dispatch of ambulances and fire engines).

[Kazuo Ochiai]

function

Due to its nature, control towers are installed in the most visible location in the center of an airport, but in the case of airports, they are the most visible along with the terminal building, so they are often designed to be a symbol of the airport, with a unique design for each airport in terms of height and shape, as well as function. The inside of the control tower is divided into a VFR room equipped with weather condition receivers, beacon signal listening devices, airfield lights (runway lights, taxiway lights, approach lights, etc.) flashing devices, display boards, radio telephones, light signals, and intra-aircraft detection radars to control aircraft flying under visual flight conditions, and an IFR room for operating GCA (Ground Control Apparatus), ILS (Instrument Landing System), ARSR (Air Route Surveillance Radar), and electronic devices that assist with navigation. In other words, the part with glass on all four sides that can be seen from the outside as a symbol of the airport is the VFR room, and is only a part of the function. In addition, there are detailed regulations for the size and angle of the windows in the VFR room.

The organization within the control tower is broadly divided into an airfield control station and an auxiliary control station, but at some large airports, the airfield control station is further divided into an airfield control station and a ground control station. Of these, the airfield control station controls aircraft around the airport, while the ground control station is responsible for controlling aircraft, vehicles, and pedestrians on the ground. At airports without a ground control station, the airfield control station also handles both duties. The auxiliary control station is responsible for tasks such as transmitting the aforementioned weather and atmospheric information and requesting rescue operations.

[Kazuo Ochiai]

Controller

The officers who work in the control tower or the air traffic control department of the airport and are engaged in air traffic control are called air traffic controllers, or controllers for short. There are two ways to become an air traffic controller. One is to apply to the public, pass a prescribed exam, then enter a training facility (Air Safety College) established by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (formerly the Ministry of Transport), and after graduation, undergo six months of practical training and pass a practical exam administered by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The other course is to pass the national civil service intermediate exam, undergo six months of training at the Air Safety Officer Training Institute, and then pass the practical exam (so-called national aviation personnel exam) administered by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism as in the former course, to become qualified.

Aircraft are getting bigger and faster every year, and the number of routes and flights is increasing, but at the same time, the risk of aircraft collisions and the impact of noise around airports are also increasing. In addition, airlines are strongly demanding punctuality regardless of weather or time in order to reduce costs, and the factors that complicate traffic control are becoming stricter every year. In addition, the responsibility in the event of an accident is also increasing, while the work of air traffic controllers is becoming extremely demanding. For this reason, computers are being introduced into traffic control, automation is being promoted, and efforts are being made to reduce the psychological and physical burden.

[Kazuo Ochiai]

[Reference] | ILS | Airport | Air Route Surveillance Radar | GCA

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

主として飛行場に着発する航空機を、安全かつ能率的に誘導すること(飛行場管制という)をおもな目的として設置された塔状の施設。ときにはその働きをさし、コントロール・タワー、省略してタワーとよばれることもある。

[落合一夫]

目的

飛行場において計器飛行条件(IFR=instrument flight rule)にしろ、有視界飛行条件(VFR=visual flight rule)にしろ、管制圏を離れて飛行場へ進入を開始した航空機を飛行場へ導き、滑走路への進入および着陸、さらにスポット(駐機場)の指定、およびその地点までの滑走などの管制を行う。また出発しようとする航空機の、スポットから離陸地点までの滑走や離陸の承認、離陸後の航空機の管制を飛行場周辺(飛行場管制圏という)から、コントロールセンターの管制に移管するまで、すべての交通管制に関する業務を担当する。このほか、飛行場管制圏内を飛行するすべての航空機の管制、および飛行場内のすべての航空機、車両、歩行者の移動に関する管制を行い、さらに気象庁との間で取り決めた範囲内での気象情報(大気情報、つまり風向、風速、気温、気圧、雲量、雲高、滑走路視程、天候その他)の通報、緊急時の救難活動(救急車、消防車の出動要請など)の業務を行う。

[落合一夫]

機能

管制塔は、その性格から飛行場の中心部のもっとも見通しのよい場所に設置されるが、ことに空港の場合は、ターミナルビルと並んでもっとも目につく存在であるため、しばしば空港の象徴として、機能はもとより、高さや形に対し空港ごとに独得のデザインが施され、威容を誇っている。管制塔の内部は、有視界飛行状態の航空機を管制するための気象状態受信器、標識信号聴取器、航空灯火つまり滑走路灯、誘導路灯、進入灯などの点滅装置、表示板、無線電話器、灯火信号機、場内探知レーダーなどを備えたVFRルームと、計器飛行条件で飛行する航空機を管制するGCA(地上誘導着陸装置)、ILS(計器着陸装置)をはじめ、ARSR(航空路監視レーダー)や、航行を援助する電子機器を操作するIFRルームとに分けられている。つまり空港の象徴として外からみえる四方ガラス張りの部分はVFRルームで、機能の一部にすぎないのである。なお、VFRルームの窓ガラスの広さや取り付ける角度については、それぞれ設置に対して細かい規定が設けられている。

 管制塔内の組織については、飛行場管制席と補助管制席に大きく分けられるが、大きな空港では、飛行場管制席がさらに飛行場管制席と地上管制席とに細分しているところもある。このうち飛行場管制席は飛行場周辺の航空機に対する管制を行い、地上管制席は地上にある航空機、車両、歩行者の管制を担当する。地上管制席のない飛行場では、飛行場管制席がその業務を兼務する。補助管制席は、前述の気象および大気情報の伝達、救難活動の要請等の業務を担当する。

[落合一夫]

管制官

こうした業務を行う管制塔、あるいは飛行場の管制部に所属し、航空交通管制の業務に従事する係官を航空管制官、略して管制官という。管制官になるには二つの方法がある。一つは一般から募集されて規定の試験に合格したのち、国土交通省(旧運輸省)に設けられた養成施設(航空保安大学校)に入り、卒業後、6か月の実地研修を経て、国土交通省所管の技能試験に合格する方法である。他のコースとしては、国家公務員中級職試験に合格後、航空保安職員研修所で6か月の研修を経て、前者と同様に国土交通省所管の技能試験(いわゆる航空従事者国家試験)に合格することによって、その資格を得ることができる。

 航空機は年々大型化、高速化し、さらに路線や便数が増大しているが、それとともに、空港周辺における航空機どうしの衝突の危険性や騒音の影響が大きくなってきている。また航空会社としては、経費節減のために天候や時刻に関係なく定時性を強く要求するなど、交通管制を複雑化させる要素は年を追って厳しくなっており、また万一の事故の際の責任も重大化する一方で、管制官の業務はかなりの激職となっている。このため交通管制にコンピュータを導入して、自動化を進め、心理的、肉体的な負担の軽減に努めている。

[落合一夫]

[参照項目] | ILS | 空港 | 航空路監視レーダー | GCA

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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