Sensitization - Sensitization

Japanese: 感作 - かんさ(英語表記)sensitization
Sensitization - Sensitization

When an antigen is introduced into the body, whether naturally or artificially, the body produces specific antibodies and lymphocytes as an immune response to the antigen, and when the body encounters the antigen again, it causes an allergic reaction. This state in which an allergic reaction can occur to an antigen is called sensitization. For example, if a guinea pig is injected with a foreign protein (antigen) and then injected with the same antigen again 1-2 weeks later, it will develop anaphylaxis (severe shock symptoms). In this case, the pretreatment injection is said to "sensitize" the animal.

Sensitization and immunity are often used interchangeably, but generally, when making an organism more susceptible to allergies, the term "sensitize" is used rather than "immunize." Sensitization can also be achieved by taking antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes from an already sensitized organism and transferring them to an unsensitized organism. This is called passive sensitization. The term sensitization is also used for red blood cells that have specific antibodies bound to them, and are called sensitized red blood cells. This is used in complement fixation reactions and agglutination reactions. Furthermore, red blood cells that have antigens bound to them in a non-specific manner are sometimes called sensitized red blood cells, and are used in agglutination reactions against antigen-specific antibodies.

[Shozo Takahashi]

[Reference] | Allergies

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生体は、自然にせよ人工的にせよ体内に抗原が入ると、それに対する免疫応答の結果として特異的に反応する抗体およびリンパ球を生じ、ふたたび抗原と遭遇するとアレルギー反応をおこす。このように、ある抗原に対しアレルギー反応をおこしうる状態にすることを感作という。たとえば、モルモットに異種タンパク(抗原)を注射し、1~2週間後にふたたび同じ抗原を注射するとアナフィラキシー(激しいショック症状)をおこすが、この場合、前処置注射を「感作する」という。

 感作と免疫は区別せず使われることも少なくないが、一般的には、アレルギーをおこしやすい状態にする場合には、「免疫する」というよりも「感作する」ということばが使われる。すでに感作された生体から抗体や感作リンパ球をとり、これを未感作生体に移入することにより感作を成立させることもできる。これを受け身感作(受動感作)という。また、感作という用語は、特異的抗体を結合させた赤血球に対しても用いられ、感作赤血球とよばれる。これは補体結合反応や凝集反応に使用される。さらには、抗原を非特異的な方法で結合させた赤血球も、感作赤血球とよばれることがあり、これは抗原特異的抗体に対する凝集反応などに使用される。

[高橋昭三]

[参照項目] | アレルギー

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