A type of unwritten law. A repetition of a certain pattern of behavior that is customarily performed in society and that regulates people's behavior is called a customary norm, but when this customary norm is recognized as law and enforced, it is called customary law. Before the establishment of state power, customary law was the fundamental legal form, but even today it plays an important role in the field of international law, where the development of written law is incomplete. During the formation of modern states from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, customary law was neglected. For example, the Austrian Joseph Code of 1786, the Prussian General Land Law (General State Law) of 1794, and the French Civil Code of 1804 all directly or indirectly denied the effectiveness of customary law. One reason for this is that the centralized modern state tried to monopolize the source of all legal norms in its own hands. Another reason is the nature of modern codes, which are based on modern natural law ideas. This is because modern codes, based on natural law ideas, tried to destroy feudal systems, and customary law at the time was precisely that kind of feudal relic. Later, in the early 19th century, the historical school of law emerged in legal thought, and argued for the natural growth of law. Meanwhile, civil society changed rapidly due to the development of production relations. Against this background, customary norms were once again recognized as law. For example, when the German Civil Code was compiled at the end of the 19th century, after a great debate, the effect of customary law was left to academic theory. Furthermore, the Swiss Civil Code explicitly recognized customary law, giving it the supplementary effect of statutory law. The same is true in Japan, where customary norms are recognized as having the supplementary effect of statutory law (Article 3 of the Law on General Rules for Application of Laws), and are recognized as having the effect of taking precedence over voluntary statutory law when it is deemed that the parties have the intention to follow them (Article 92 of the Civil Code, custom as fact). Furthermore, commercial customary law has the effect of supplementing statutory commercial law and has the effect of taking precedence over statutory civil law (Article 1, Paragraph 2 of the Commercial Code). [Takahisa Awaji] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
不文法の一種。社会のなかで慣行的に行われ、人々の行動を規律している一定の行動の型の繰り返しを慣習規範とよぶが、この慣習規範が法として認められ、強行されるようになった場合に、慣習法とよばれる。国家権力の確立する以前においては、慣習法が原則的な法形式であったが、現在でも成文法の発達が不完全である国際法の領域においては、重要な役割を果たしている。 18世紀末から19世紀初めの近代国家の成立期には、慣習法は冷遇された。たとえば、1786年のオーストリア・ヨゼフ法典、1794年のプロイセン一般ラント法(普通国法)、1804年のフランス民法典は、いずれも、慣習法の効力を直接または間接に否認している。それは、一つには中央集権的近代国家が、すべての法規範の源泉を国家の手に独占しようとしたことにある。さらには近代自然法思想に立脚する近代法典の性質による。なぜなら、近代法典が自然法思想に基づき打破しようとしたのは封建的諸制度であり、当時の慣習性とはまさにこのようなものとしての封建的遺制だったからである。その後、19世紀の初頭に、法思想において歴史法学派が台頭し、法の自然的成長を主張した。一方、生産関係の発展により市民社会はめまぐるしく推移した。このような事態を背景として、慣習規範はふたたび法として認められるようになった。たとえば、19世紀末のドイツ民法典の編纂(へんさん)にあたって、大論争のすえ、慣習法の効力は学説にゆだねられることになった。さらにスイス民法は慣習法を明文をもって認め、これに対し成文法の補充的効力を与えた。日本においても同様で、慣習規範は、成文法規の補充的効力を認められ(法の適用に関する通則法3条)、当事者がそれによる意思があると認められる場合には、任意成文法規に優先する効力を認めている(民法92条、事実たる慣習)。また商慣習法では、成文商法を補充する効力を有し、成文民法に優先する効力を有する(商法1条2項)。 [淡路剛久] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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