Freeholder (English spelling)

Japanese: フリーホールダー（英語表記）freeholder

Freeholders. A class of freehold landowners since the Middle Ages in England. In a broad sense, it refers to people who held land on the condition of performing four different types of service: knightly service, servitude, ploughing service, and clergy service, but in a narrow sense, it refers to holders of ploughing service. Unlike serf tenure, the land could be bought, sold, transferred, or divided for inheritance, and the burden was not military service, but mainly agricultural labor or monetary payments in lieu of military service. In 1660, the four types of landholding were unified into ploughing service, and in 1926 copyholds were also converted to this, and it is now the only form of landholding in England.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

自由土地保有者。イギリス中世以来の自由保有条件による土地保有者の階層。広義には，騎士役奉仕，役務奉仕，鋤奉仕，聖職者奉仕の相異なる4種の奉仕を果す条件で土地を保有している人々をさすが，狭義には鋤奉仕による保有者 socage tenureをさす。これは農奴保有 villein tenureと異なり，保有地の売買，譲渡，分割相続が可能で，負担は軍事奉仕はなく，農業労働，またはそれに代る貨幣支払いが主であった。 1660年に上記4種の土地保有はこの鋤奉仕に統一され，1926年にはコピーホールドもこれに転化され，現在ではイギリスの唯一の土地保有の形態となった。

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