Hebei Sanzhen (English: Three Towns of Hebei)

Japanese: 河北三鎮 - かほくさんちん（英語表記）He-bei san-zhen; Ho-pei san-chên

Also known as the Three Heshuo Towns. A collective name for the three towns that existed in Hebei during the late Tang and early Five Dynasties in China: Wei Bo Tianxiong Army, Hengji Chengde Army, and Youzhou Lulong Army. All three were established by Tian Chengsi, Li Baochen, and Li Huaixian, who were senior warriors of the An Lushan Rebellion (→ An Lushan Rebellion) who surrendered to the Tang Dynasty, as governors. They ignored the central government's wishes and independently appointed and dismissed government officials, collected taxes, and conscripted soldiers, and had a strong anti-Tang and independent tendency. At the time, the Tang Dynasty called such towns "countries opposed to the Tang Dynasty," and this was a typical example.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

河朔 (かさく) 三鎮ともいう。中国，唐後半，五代初期に河北に存続した魏博天雄軍 (ぎはくてんゆうぐん) ，恒冀成徳軍 (こうきせいとくぐん) ，幽州盧竜軍 (ゆうしゅうろりゅうぐん) の3藩鎮の総称。いずれも唐朝に帰順した安史反乱軍 (→安史の乱 ) の幹部武人の田承嗣，李宝臣，李懐仙を節度使として創置され，官吏の任免，徴税，徴兵などを中央の意向を無視して独自に行い，反唐的，自立的傾向が強かった。当時唐朝はこのような藩鎮を「反側の地」と呼んだが，その代表的藩鎮であった。

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