Recoinage - Recoinage

Japanese: 貨幣改鋳 - かへいかいちゅう
Recoinage - Recoinage

This refers to the practice of minting new coins with the aim of recovering coins that have naturally worn down or been artificially damaged in circulation and exchanging them for new coins. Separately, there are many cases where governments have minted new coins after degrading the quality and weight of coins with the intention of earning profits from recoinage. In many foreign countries, the state of circulating currency has also deteriorated due to recoinage. In 1560, Thomas Gresham, a British merchant and exchange financier who served as a financial advisor to the royal family, famously advised Queen Elizabeth that the outflow of good British coins overseas was due to recoinage, and preached Gresham's Law, which states that "bad money drives out good money."

In Japan, coin recoinage was already seen with the issuance of the Imperial Twelve Sen coins in the Nara and Heian periods, and the 11 types of Imperial Sen coins issued following the Wado-kaichin coins showed a tendency toward worsening. Also, from the Muromachi period to the Azuchi-Momoyama period, good coins (seisen) and bad coins (bitasen) were mixed in circulation, leading to the phenomenon of selected coins. Furthermore, in the Edo period, the shogunate actively recoined coins, and recoinage was characterized by financial reasons aimed at earning profits from recoinage, rather than recoinage due to wear and tear or damage to circulating currency. Starting with the Genroku period (1688-1704) when the currency system of the Keicho period (1596-1615) was revised, the shogunate successively recoined gold and silver coins in the Hoei (1704-11), Shotoku (1711-16), Kyoho (1716-36), Genbun (1736-41), Bunsei (1818-30), Tenpo (1830-44), Ansei (1854-60), and Man'en (1860-61) periods. Apart from the policies of good currency during the Shotoku and Kyoho periods, most of the other recoinages were nothing more than bad coinages intended to alleviate the shogunate's financial difficulties. When considering the history of coinage in Japan, it is particularly noteworthy that Miura Baien, known as an economist of the mid-Edo period, wrote in his book Kagen (1773 preface) that "when bad coins are widely traded in the world, all good coins disappear," describing a monetary theory similar to Gresham's Law.

[Yotaro Sakudo]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

貨幣が流通界において自然に磨損し、あるいは人為的に毀損(きそん)されたとき、これらを回収して、新しい貨幣と交換することを目的として改めて貨幣を鋳造することをいう。それとは別に、政府が改鋳益金(出目(でめ))の収得を意図して、貨幣の品位・量目などを劣悪化し、新しい貨幣を鋳造した場合も多い。諸外国においても、流通貨幣が改鋳により悪化したことが少なくない。イギリスの貿易商人・為替(かわせ)金融業者で、王室の財政顧問を務めたトーマス・グレシャムが1560年、イギリスの良貨が海外に流出するのは貨幣の改鋳が原因であることをエリザベス女王に進言し、「悪貨は良貨を駆逐する」というグレシャムの法則を説いたことは有名である。

 わが国においても、貨幣の改鋳はすでに奈良・平安時代の皇朝十二銭の発行に際してもみられ、和同開珎(わどうかいちん)に引き続いて発行された11種類の皇朝銭は改悪の傾向を示した。また室町時代から安土(あづち)桃山時代にかけて良銭(精銭)と悪銭(鐚銭(びたせん))とが混合して流通し、そのため撰銭(えりぜに)の現象がみられた。さらに江戸時代になると、幕府により改鋳が盛んに行われ、流通貨幣の磨損・毀損に伴う改鋳よりも、改鋳益金の収得を目的とした財政的理由に基づく改鋳が特徴的であった。慶長(けいちょう)期(1596~1615)の幣制を改めた元禄(げんろく)期(1688~1704)の改鋳をはじめとして、幕府は宝永(ほうえい)(1704~11)、正徳(しょうとく)(1711~16)、享保(きょうほう)(1716~36)、元文(げんぶん)(1736~41)、文政(ぶんせい)(1818~30)、天保(てんぽう)(1830~44)、安政(あんせい)(1854~60)、万延(まんえん)(1860~61)の各期に相次いで金銀貨の改鋳を行い、正徳・享保期の良貨政策を別にすれば、他の大部分は幕府財政の窮乏緩和を意図した悪鋳にほかならなかった。江戸中期の経世家として知られる三浦梅園(ばいえん)がその著『価原(かげん)』(1773年序文)において、「悪幣盛んに世に行はるれば、精金皆隠る」と説き、グレシャムの法則と同様の貨幣論を述べていることは、わが国における貨幣改鋳の歴史を考える場合とくに注目されよう。

[作道洋太郎]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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