A type of dosage form used to make it easier to take medicines that have an unpleasant odor, are irritating, have a bad taste, or contaminate other medicines with dyes. Medicines such as antibiotics, digestive enzyme preparations, thymol, sodium salicylate, and cod-liver oil are filled into capsules in powder, granules, liquid, suspension, or paste form, or are encapsulated in a capsule base. There are two types of capsules: hard capsules and soft capsules. Hard capsules are made of gelatin, and are made by filling a pair of cylindrical bodies consisting of a body and a cap with one end closed, with medicines, and then stacking them on top of each other. There are eight types, numbered 000, 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, from largest to smallest. Soft capsules are made by adding plasticizers such as glycerin or sorbitol (a type of sugar alcohol) to gelatin to soften the gelatin base, which is then stretched into sheets using a special machine. The medicine is then inserted between two sheets and the capsules are then encapsulated from both sides (in a spherical, oval, egg, etc.) using two manufacturing methods; there are two types: sheet type and roller type. Capsules dissolve and disintegrate in the stomach, but for elderly people and others who have little saliva or gastric juice secretion, they may only soften but not disintegrate, so they must be taken with a lot of water or lukewarm water. Some capsules have a coating on the capsule membrane to allow them to pass through the stomach and disintegrate in the intestines, while others are sustained-release capsules that have granules coated to an appropriate thickness and contain different disintegrating properties. In addition, microspherical microcapsules measuring a few to a few hundred micrometers (aspirin microcapsule formulations) and soft capsule formulations called rectal capsules, which are shaped like a pointed cone and are used as suppositories, have also been developed. [Fumiji Koho] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
不快臭や刺激性のある医薬品、味の悪い医薬品、色素類で他を汚染するような医薬品を服用しやすくするために用いられる剤形の一種。抗生物質や消化酵素製剤をはじめ、チモール、サリチル酸ナトリウム、肝油などの医薬品を、粉末状、顆粒(かりゅう)状、液状、懸濁状、糊(のり)状などの形でカプセルに充填(じゅうてん)するか、カプセル基剤で被包成型してつくったもので、硬カプセル剤と軟カプセル剤の2種がある。硬カプセル剤はゼラチン製で、一端を閉じたボディとキャップからなる一対の円筒体の中に医薬品を充填し、互いに重ね合わせたものである。大きい順に000、00、0、1、2、3、4、5の各号、8種がある。軟カプセル剤は、ゼラチンにグリセリンやソルビトール(糖アルコールの一種)などの可塑剤を加えて軟質化したゼラチン基剤を特殊な機械で板状に伸ばし、2枚の間に医薬品を挿入して両側から被包成型(球形、楕円(だえん)形、卵形など)したもので、製法に平板式とローラー式の2種類がある。 カプセル剤は胃内でカプセルが溶けて崩壊するが、老人など唾液(だえき)や胃液の分泌が少ない場合は軟化するだけで崩壊しないこともあるので、多量の水またはぬるま湯とともに服用する必要がある。なかにはカプセルの皮膜にコーティングして胃を通過させ、腸内で崩壊するようにした腸溶性カプセル剤、あるいは顆粒にコーティングして厚さを適当に変え、崩壊性の異なるものを配合した持効性カプセル剤もある。また、数マイクロメートルから数百マイクロメートルという微球形のマイクロカプセル(アスピリンのマイクロカプセル製剤)やレクタルカプセルといって坐薬(ざやく)として用いられる先のとがった円錐(えんすい)状に近い形の軟カプセル製剤も開発されている。 [幸保文治] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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