Twelve Ranks of the Crown

Japanese: 冠位十二階 - かんいじゅうにかい
Twelve Ranks of the Crown

The first system of indicating the ranks within the Imperial Court by the type of crown established in 603 (11th year of the reign of Empress Suiko). According to the "Nihon Shoki," virtue, benevolence, propriety, faith, righteousness, and wisdom were divided into large and small ranks to create 12 ranks (in the "Suisho" Wakokuden section, the order is virtue, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and faith), and the crowns were colored purple, blue, red, yellow, white, and black, and the large and small ranks were distinguished by the shades of the colors. The common theory is that the small benevolence rank corresponds to the fifth rank of the later Ryo system. The prevailing view is that the crown rank system was created mainly based on the Baekje official rank system with reference to the Goguryeo system, and the old theory that it was created by Prince Umayado (Prince Shotoku) is incorrect. With regard to who bestowed the crown, in light of recent developments in research on the Soga clan and the political process of the 7th century, further consideration is needed before we can conclude that this was "Prince Shotoku's business." The article about Soga no Emishi bestowing the Purple Crown on his son Soga no Iruka in 643 (the 2nd year of the Empress Kogyoku era) is suggestive in this regard. It is believed that the recipients of the crown were excluded from the imperial family and ministers, and it is known that the recipients were limited to those in the Kinai region and its surrounding areas. However, even though it was only implemented within a limited scope, this system is believed to have continued until the establishment of the Thirteen Ranks of Caps in 647 (the 3rd year of the Taika era), and it was groundbreaking in that it created a new order within the imperial court.

[Toshio Araki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

603年(推古天皇11)に設けられた冠の種類によって朝廷内の序列を示す最初の制度。『日本書紀』によれば、徳・仁・礼・信・義・智(ち)をそれぞれ大小に分けて十二階とし(『隋書(ずいしょ)』倭国伝(わこくでん)では、徳・仁・義・礼・智・信の順になっている)、冠には紫・青・赤・黄・白・黒の色を配し、大小はその色の濃淡で区別した。通説では、小仁が、後の令(りょう)制の五位にあたるとしている。冠位の制は、百済(くだら)の官位制を中心として高句麗(こうくり)の制を参照してつくられたとする見解が有力で、厩戸(うまやど)皇子(聖徳太子)の独創とする旧説は誤りである。冠の授与者をめぐっても、近年の蘇我(そが)氏ならびに7世紀の政治過程の研究の発展からみると、「聖徳太子の事業」とするにはさらに検討が必要となっている。643年(皇極天皇2)蘇我蝦夷(えみし)がその子の蘇我入鹿(いるか)に紫冠を授けたとする記事は、その点で示唆的である。冠の被授者は、皇親・大臣が除外されていたと考えられており、授与された者は畿内(きない)および周辺の者に限られていることが判明している。しかし、限定された範囲にのみ施行されたものとはいえ、この制度は、647年(大化3)冠位十三階の制定まで続いていたと考えられており、また、朝廷内の新しい秩序をつくった点で画期的なものであった。

[荒木敏夫]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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