Official rank - Kan'i

Japanese: 官位 - かんい

A general term for government positions and ranks under the Ritsuryo system. When the Ritsuryo system was implemented, there were two government offices and eight ministries at the center, and local officials such as kokushi were placed in the regions, and these were called kan. However, gunji were not included. Kan included the Naikan, which was an office that made up the central government, and there were two Naikan, the Dajokan and the Jingikan. The Dajokan had eight ministries: Nakatsukasa, Shikibu, Jibu, Minbu, Hyobu, Keibu, Okura, and Kunai, and under the ministries were Shiki, Ryo, and Tsukasa, as well as Bo, Sho, Dai, Fu, and Shi. In contrast, local officials such as kokushi were called gaikan. These ministries were of four ranks: Kami, Suke, Jo, and Sakan, and these ministries were called Seikan, and the fixed number of officials of this type is said to be 8,300. In addition to these, there were also in-gaikan (later Gonkan), and as early as the Nara period, Chunagon and Sangi were established, and in the Heian period, Ryoge no kan (official officials outside the Imperial Court), such as Kurōdo and Kebiishi, were established. The former relayed petitions and handled documents conveying the Emperor's orders, and came to replace the Daijōkan, while the latter were responsible for maintaining order in Kyoto, and their authority expanded to include the judicial and police powers of the Danjōdai, Efu, Kyoubusho, and Kyoshoku. On the other hand, the system of ranks, which had existed since the establishment of the Twelve Ranks of Cap and Rank during the reign of Empress Suiko, was changed to the ranks of princes from 1st to 4th rank, and vassals from 1st to 1st rank, and Iki was awarded instead of caps. In addition, below the fifth rank, there were Nai-i and Gai-i, and Gai-i was mainly given to local powerful families. Each of these government offices below the minister level had a corresponding rank. When recording the rank, if the official was lower than the corresponding rank, it was written as "Gyo" and vice versa. There were also some officials who only had ranks but no official titles, and these were written as "San-ni" (distributed ranks) to distinguish them from San-mi (third ranks).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

律令制下の官職と位階の総称。律令制が施行されると，中央には2官8省を中心とする官職が，地方には国司などの地方官がおかれ，これを官といった。ただし，郡司は含まれない。官には中央政府を構成する官職の内官があり，内官には太政官，神祇官の2官があった。太政官には，中務，式部，治部，民部，兵部，刑部，大蔵，宮内の8省があり，省の下に職 (しき) ，寮，司があり，このほかに坊，署，台，府，使などがあった。これに対し，国司などの地方官を外官といった。これらの官司には，長官 (かみ) ，次官 (すけ) ，判官 (じょう) ，主典 (さかん) の四等官があり，これらの官司を正官といい，その官吏の定数は 8300といわれている。このほかに員外官 (のちには権官) があり，また，早くも奈良時代には中納言，参議が，平安時代には蔵人所，検非違使などの令外官 (りょうげのかん) がおかれた。前者は上奏を取次ぎ，天皇の命令を伝える文書を取扱い，太政官に取って代るようになり，後者は京都の治安に任じ，権限が拡大され，弾正台，衛府，刑部省，京職などの司法警察権を掌握するようになった。一方，位階の制度は，古く推古朝の冠位十二階の制定以来，冠を授けて位階の上下を表わした冠位制度が，律令制がしかれてから親王は一品から四品まで，臣下は一位から初位までに改められ，冠に代って位記が授けられた。また，五位以下には内位と外位があり，外位は主として地方の豪族に与えられた。これら大臣以下官司の主典以上の官職には，それぞれに相当する位階が定められていた。なお，官位を記すときに，官がそれに相当する位より低いときは「行」，この逆の場合は「守」と記した。また，位階だけあって官職のないものも現れ，これを特に「散位 (さんに) 」と記し，三位 (さんみ) と区別した。

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