Gate division - Kadowari

Agricultural management, agricultural policy, and farmland systems in the Edo period in the domains of Kagoshima (Satsuma), Sadowara, Obi, and Takanabe. Records of proper nouns followed by "kado" (gate) can be found in the 12th century in Osumi (Kenkyu Zudencho), but the details are unknown. In the Middle Ages, the Shimazu clan established the mon as the main unit of agricultural management by multi-family families. In the early modern period, the Shimazu clan attempted to establish an agricultural management entity based on mon with homogeneous farmland, with the aim of periodically allocating and equally distributing farmland. This was applied to the entire domain, resulting in the monwari system, which was completed after the Kyoho land survey in the 18th century. A mon was made up of one myozu (head of a family) and several nago (children), i.e., several families (kabu). Small ones consisting of only one family are called yashiki. Typically, a mon was made up of several families and received a certain amount of land (farmland), and at regular intervals, the head of the village under the head of the village (also known as shoya, a member of the goshi class) would re-allocate and distribute the land by drawing lots or other methods. The person in charge of cultivation and labor was a male "ibu" aged between 15 and 60, who was also subject to transfers, and the number of these ibu formed the basis for the distribution of farmland. Taxes and labor were excessive according to the regulations, but the land uses were diverse, and so ingenuity was given in their management. The mon was also the basic unit in the agricultural policy of the Kagoshima domain, with the structure being "mon - hougiri - village - town - country." This system was adopted not only by the Kagoshima domain, but also by neighboring domains.

[Yasushi Miki]

"History of Kagoshima Prefecture (1939-2006)" ▽ "The Bakufu-Han System and the Rice Taxation System" by Matsushita Shiro (1984, Hanawa Shobo)" ▽ "History of Miyazaki Prefecture (1997-2000)" ▽ "The Development of the Politics of the Outside Domains" by Kuwabata Oki

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

江戸時代の鹿児島（薩摩(さつま)）、佐土原(さどわら)、飫肥(おび)、高鍋(たかなべ)各藩の農業経営、農政および農地の制度。固有名詞に「門(かど)」をつけた記載は大隅(おおすみ)（建久図田帳(けんきゅうずでんちょう)）などで12世紀に見えているが、内容はわからない。中世には、島津氏が複合家族による農業経営のおもな単位を門とした。島津氏は近世成立期には、農地の一定期間ごとの割替(わりかえ)と均等配分を念頭に、均質的な農地による門を基礎とした農業経営体を確立しようとした。これを領内全域に適用したのが門割で、18世紀の享保(きょうほう)の検地以降に完成した。門は、各家族を率いる1人の名頭(みょうず)と複数の名子(なご)、すなわち複数の家族（家部(かぶ)）で構成されていた。1家族からなるなど小規模なものは屋敷などという。模式的には門は数家族で構成され、一定の土地（農地）を受け、一定期間ごとに、村長(むらおさ)（庄屋ともいう、郷士(ごうし)層）のもとで名頭が、籤(くじ)などで農地を割り替え、配分した。耕作、夫役(ぶやく)の担当責任者は15～60歳の男性「用夫(いぶ)」で、配置換えも行われ、この用夫の人数が農地配分の基礎になった。年貢、夫役は規定上では過多だったが、地目が多様で、運用にくふうができた。門は「門－方限(ほうぎり)－村－郷－国」という鹿児島藩農政上の基礎単位でもあった。鹿児島藩だけでなく、隣接藩も制度として採用した。

［三木　靖］

『『鹿児島県史』（1939～2006）』▽『松下志朗著『幕藩制社会と石高制』（1984・塙書房）』▽『『宮崎県史』（1997～2000）』▽『桑波田興著「外様藩藩政の展開」』

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