Doctoral Program - Doctoral Program

A degree awarded to those who enter a doctoral course at a graduate school and complete coursework, thesis writing, and examinations. Doctoral degrees were first stipulated in the Degree Order of 1887 (Meiji 20) , and with the revision of the Degree Order in 1920 (Taisho 9) , there were two types of doctoral degrees: course doctoral degrees and thesis doctoral degrees. After that, doctoral degrees were awarded at public universities and private universities other than the Imperial Universities, and the number of doctoral degrees increased, but thesis doctoral degrees remained the mainstream (until around 1910, doctoral degrees recommended by the president or doctoral association and thesis doctoral degrees were in balance) . By fiscal year 1940, there were only 28 doctoral degree recipients, which was just 4.0% of all doctoral degrees awarded during that period, and between fiscal years 1941 and 1945, there were 2,837 doctoral degrees, which was just 13.1%. After World War II, the 1953 (Showa 28) Degree Regulations (Ministry of Education Ordinance) stipulated that course-based doctorates were Doctor A (Japan) (thesis-based doctorates were Doctor B (Japan)) , and there was a call for reform to course-based doctorates with American-style schooling, but the dominance of thesis-based doctorates continued, and even in 1991 (Heisei 3) , course-based doctorates accounted for only 43.9% of all doctorates awarded that year. However, after the revision of the degree regulations in the same year, the proportion of course-based doctorates increased to 69.6% in 2002 and reached 83.5% in 2010, and currently course-based doctorates are the norm for newly awarded doctorates.
Author: Akihiro Asonuma

Source : Heibonsha "University Encyclopedia" About the University Encyclopedia Information

大学院の博士課程に入学し，コースワークや論文作成，試験を経て授与される学位。博士は1887年（明治20）の学位令で最初に規定され，1920年（大正9）の学位令改正でいわゆる課程博士と論文博士の2種類となり，その後帝国大学以外の官公立大学や私立大学でも授与されるようになり増加していったが，論文博士が主流であり（1910年ころまでは，総長や博士会による推薦博士と論文博士とが拮抗），課程博士取得者は20年度までに28人でその間に生まれた博士全体のわずか4.0％に過ぎず，21～45年度の間では2837人で13.1％しかいなかった。第2次世界大戦後になって，課程博士は1953年（昭和28）の学位規則（文部省令）で博士「甲」（日本）（論文博士は博士「乙」（日本））と規定され，アメリカ的なスクーリングを経た課程博士への改革が求められたが，論文博士の優位な時期が続き，91（平成3）年度に至っても，その年度の課程博士は同年度に生まれた博士全体の43.9％にとどまった。だが，同年の学位規則改正後，課程博士の割合は2002年度に69.6％に増え，2010年度には83.5％を占めるに至り，現在では新たに生まれる博士は課程博士が主流になっている。
著者: 阿曽沼明裕

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