The Koshi no Sen (Declaration of the Year of the Rat)

Domestic reforms were carried out in 664 (the year of the rat, the 3rd year of Emperor Tenchi's reign). Following the defeat at Hakusukinoe the previous year, the emperor completely withdrew from the Korean peninsula. In response to the sense of crisis of an invasion from the continent and the efforts of various powerful clans to investigate the failure of their foreign policy, in February 664, he placed his great brother Prince Oama (later Emperor Tenmu) at the forefront of the political situation and issued various measures for domestic reform. First, he revised the 19-rank system of ranks of caps and titles to 26-rank system of caps and titles, increasing the number of ranks for lower-ranking bureaucrats, and dividing the clans into Daiji, Koji, Tomo no Miyatsuko, etc., and bestowed a large sword, a small sword, and a shield and bow and arrows on the head of each clan as symbols of leadership over the clans. In addition, the section "Kakibe" (people) and "Yakabe" (household) were established, and while some interpret this "Kakibe" as meaning various clans, others see it as a substitute character rather than a pronoun referring to a specific thing, it seems appropriate to understand it as referring to various clans here. And while there are conflicting theories about the significance of establishing the sections "Kakibe" and "Yakabe," it should be understood as a revival of private rule in response to reality, and rather than viewing it as a policy of bending and expanding the boundaries expected in the next stage, it should be understood as a way of applying control by state power to the private rule of various clans that continued to remain widely, and by certifying and registering them, making them a prerequisite for public expropriation in the next stage. These Tamibu and Iebu were recorded in the Kogo Nenjaku (register of the year of the Year of the Horse) in 670 (the 9th year of Emperor Tenchi's reign), and after the Jinshin War in 672 (the 1st year of Emperor Tenmu's reign), the Kakibe (Tamibu) was confiscated in 675, and the Iebu continued to exist as Uji no Sen and Kenin under the Ritsuryo system. The reforms implemented by the Kanshi no Shinto averted the crisis following the defeat at Baekgang and marked one stage in the formation of a Ritsuryo state.

[Tadao Nomura]

"Research on the Taika Reforms, by Tadao Nomura, revised edition (1978, Yoshikawa Kobunkan) " "Research on the History of the Ancient Japanese Nation - Criticism of the Taika Reforms" by Hidesaburo Hara (1980, University of Tokyo Press)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

664年（甲子の年、天智天皇3）に行われた内政改革。前年における白村江(はくすきのえ)の敗戦によって、朝鮮半島から全面的に撤退したのち、大陸からの侵攻という危機感と、対外政策の失敗を追及する諸豪族の動向とに対処して、664年2月、大皇弟大海人皇子(おおあまのおうじ)（後の天武(てんむ)天皇）を政局の正面にたて、内政改革の諸施策を発令した。まず冠位十九階制を冠位二十六階制に改定して、下級官僚の階数を増加するとともに、諸氏を大氏、小氏、伴造(とものみやつこ)らに区分し、それぞれの氏上(うじのかみ)に、大刀(たち)、小刀(かたな)、干楯弓矢(たてゆみや)を賜って、諸氏を統率する象徴とした。また「其」の民部(かきべ)、家部(やかべ)を定めたが、この「其」を諸氏と解する見方と、特定のものをさす代名詞ではなく置き字と解する見方とがあるが、ここでは諸氏をさすと理解するのが妥当であろう。そして民部、家部設定の意義については諸説が対立しているが、現実に対処した私民的支配の復活であって、次の段階に期待する屈伸政策とみるよりも、広く残り続けた諸氏の私民的支配に、国家権力による統制の手を加え、その認定と登録とを行い、次の段階での収公の前提にしたと理解すべきであろう。この民部、家部は670年（天智天皇9）の庚午年籍(こうごねんじゃく)に登載され、672年（天武天皇1）の壬申(じんしん)の乱を経て、675年に部曲(かきべ)（民部）は収公され、家部は律令(りつりょう)制下の氏賤(うじのせん)、家人(けにん)になって存続した。そして甲子の宣による改革は、白村江敗戦後の危機を回避し、律令国家形成の一段階になった。

［野村忠夫］

『野村忠夫著『研究史大化の改新』増訂版（1978・吉川弘文館）』▽『原秀三郎著『日本古代国家史研究――大化改新論批判』（1980・東京大学出版会）』

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