Federalists - Federalists (English spelling)

The name given to those who supported the draft of the United States Constitution. They are also called Federalists. The draft Constitution, which defined the new national system after the Revolution, caused a debate between those who supported it and those who opposed it, who advocated a union of sovereign states. Since the Constitution was to take effect when nine of the 13 states ratified it, there were heated debates between the Federalists, who supported it, and the Anti-Federalists, who opposed it, at the ratification conventions of each state. The supporters made an effort to promote the Constitution through the publication of The Federalist Book, co-written by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison, and the Constitution came into effect in 1788, and the Federalists dominated the government for two generations. The Federalists, led by Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton in the Washington administration, represented mainly commercial and industrial interests, while the Anti-Federalists, led by Secretary of State Jefferson, represented agricultural interests, and these two factions became the first political parties in America. Hamilton's fiscal and monetary policies in particular are famous for establishing the foundations of the new nation. The Federalists elected John Adams as the second president, but were later defeated by the Republicans (self-described anti-federalists), and disbanded after fielding a candidate in the 1816 presidential election. Later, their supporters merged with the National Republicans to form the Whig Party, which became the origin of the current Republican Party.

[Masashi Shimakawa]

"The Formation of Modern American Political Parties" by Kazumi Fujimoto (1981, Ochanomizu Shobo) "The Federalist Papers by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison, translated by Makoto Saito" (included in "World Masterpieces 33" 1970, Chuokoron-Shinsha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

アメリカ合衆国憲法草案の賛成者たちの自称。連邦派ともいう。独立革命後の新国家体制を規定した憲法草案に対して、賛成者と、主権をもつ諸邦の連合を主張した反対者との間で論争がおこり、憲法は13邦中9邦の批准で発効することになっていたため、各邦の批准会議で賛成者のフェデラリストと反対者の反連邦派との間で激論が交わされた。賛成者側はハミルトン、ジェイ、マディソン共著『ザ・フェデラリスト』の刊行などによる宣伝に努め、憲法は発効し（1788）、2代にわたってフェデラリスト中心の政権が続いた。フェデラリストは、ワシントン政権の財務長官ハミルトンなどを指導者とし主として商工業的利益を代表し、反連邦派は、同じく国務長官ジェファソンを中心に農業的利益を代表して相争い、この2派がアメリカ最初の政党となった。とくにハミルトンの財政・金融政策は新国家の基礎を確立したものとして有名。フェデラリストは、第2代大統領としてジョン・アダムズを当選させたが、その後リパブリカン（反連邦派の自称）に敗れ、1816年の大統領選挙に候補者を立てたのを最後に消滅した。のちに同党の支持層は全国共和党National Republicanと合流してホイッグ党Whig Partyを結成し、これが現在の共和党Republican Partyの源流となった。

［島川雅史］

『藤本一美著『アメリカ近代政党の形成』（1981・御茶の水書房）』▽『ハミルトン、ジェイ、マディソン著、斉藤真訳「ザ・フェデラリスト」（『世界の名著 33』所収・1970・中央公論社）』

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