Active volcano

Japanese: 活火山 - かつかざん(英語表記)active volcano
Active volcano

A volcano that is active and may erupt in the future. In addition to active volcano, the terms dormant volcano and extinct volcano were also used in the past, but because the classification of dormant and active volcanoes is unclear and there have been cases of volcanoes that were thought to be extinct, such as Mount Meakan and Mount Ontake, erupting, these terms are no longer used.

Considering the life span of volcanoes, which can last for tens of thousands of years, human history is but a blink of an eye, so the absence of any recorded eruptions in historical times does not guarantee that an eruption will not occur in the future. There is no clear definition of an active volcano anywhere in the world, but it is believed that there are more than 1,500 volcanoes that have erupted in the last 10,000 years. In Japan, the Coordinating Committee for Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions (established in 1974) has been defining active volcanoes since 1975 (Showa 50). At the time, active volcanoes were defined as "volcanoes with a record of eruptions and volcanoes currently exhibiting active fumarolic activity," and information on 77 volcanoes was compiled (Japanese Active Volcanoes Handbook). In 1991 (Heisei 3), the definition was changed to "volcanoes that have erupted within the past 2,000 years and volcanoes currently exhibiting active fumarolic activity," and 83 volcanoes were selected (three more were added in 1996, bringing the total to 86 volcanoes). However, in 2003, in line with global trends and from a volcanological perspective, it was deemed appropriate to judge based on the eruption history of the past 10,000 years, and 108 volcanoes were selected based on the definition of active volcanoes as "volcanoes that have erupted roughly within the past 10,000 years and volcanoes currently exhibiting vigorous fumarolic activity." Furthermore, two new volcanoes were added in 2011, and one in 2017, bringing the total to 111 active volcanoes. The selected volcanoes are classified into three ranks, A to C, based on the degree of volcanic activity assessed volcanologically. Volcanoes with insufficient data, such as submarine volcanoes, are designated as active volcanoes, but are not classified. The main active volcanoes are as follows:

(1) Rank A: Mount Usu (Hokkaido), Mount Asama (Gunma and Nagano), Mount Aso (Kumamoto), Sakurajima (Kagoshima), etc.

(2) Rank B: Mount Rausu (Hokkaido), Mount Iwaki (Aomori), Mount Iwate (Iwate), Mount Zao (Miyagi and Yamagata), Mount Azuma (Yamagata and Fukushima), Mount Kusatsu-Shirane (Gunma), Mount Hakone (Kanagawa), Mount Fuji (Yamanashi and Shizuoka), Mount Kuju (Oita), Mount Kirishima (Miyazaki and Kagoshima), etc.

(3) Rank C: Mount Daisetsu (Hokkaido), Mount Hakkoda (Aomori), Mount Hiuchigatake (Fukushima), Mount Akagi (Gunma), Mount Norikura (Nagano and Gifu), Mount Yufu (Oita), Mount Kaimon (Kagoshima), etc.

The benefits of active volcanoes are great, but their harms are not to be underestimated. As of 2017, the Japan Meteorological Agency has been observing and monitoring the activity of 50 volcanoes (as of 2017) selected by the Coordinating Committee for Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions as "volcanoes that require improved monitoring and observation systems for volcanic disaster prevention," with the cooperation of universities and other research institutes, local governments, disaster prevention organizations, etc., using seismometers, GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) observation equipment, tiltmeters, air vibration meters, surveillance cameras, etc.

[Akira Suwa and Setsya Nakata]

[References] | Volcanoes | Coordinating Committee for Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions [Supplementary Materials] | Active Volcanoes in Japan

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

活動的で今後も噴火のおそれがある火山のこと。活火山のほかに休火山、死火山ということばもかつては使われたが、休火山と活火山の分類があいまいであることや、死火山と思われていた雌阿寒岳(めあかんだけ)、御嶽山(おんたけさん)などが噴火した例もあり、いまはこれらのことばは使われなくなってきた。

 数万年以上もある火山の寿命からみれば、人間の歴史は一瞬にすぎないため、有史時代に噴火の記録がないからといって、将来も噴火をおこさないという保障はない。世界的にも活火山の定義は明確なものはないが、最近1万年間に噴火したことのある火山の数は1500を超えると考えられている。日本では火山噴火予知連絡会(1974年設置)が1975年(昭和50)以来、活火山の定義を取り決めており、当時は「噴火の記録のある火山及び現在活発な噴気活動のある火山」を活火山とし、77火山の資料をまとめた(『日本活火山要覧』)。1991年(平成3)には定義を「過去およそ2000年以内に噴火した火山及び現在活発な噴気活動のある火山」に変更し83火山を選定した(1996年に3山追加、86火山となる)。しかし、その後、世界的な動向ともあわせ、かつ、火山学的見地から過去1万年間の噴火履歴で判断するのが適当であるとし、2003年(平成15)「概(おおむ)ね過去1万年以内に噴火した火山、及び現在活発な噴気活動のある火山」を活火山の定義とし、108火山を選定した。さらに、2011年には新たに2火山を追加、2017年には1火山を追加し、111活火山となった。選定された火山は火山学的に評価された火山活動度に基づき、A~Cの3ランクに分類されている。海底火山等、データが不足しているものは活火山と選定しているが、分類はされていない。おもな活火山は以下のとおりである。

(1)ランクA 有珠山(うすざん)(北海道)、浅間山(あさまやま)(群馬・長野)、阿蘇山(あそさん)(熊本)、桜島(鹿児島)など。

(2)ランクB 羅臼岳(らうすだけ)(北海道)、岩木山(青森)、岩手山(岩手)、蔵王山(ざおうさん)(宮城・山形)、吾妻山(あづまやま)(山形・福島)、草津白根山(群馬)、箱根山(神奈川)、富士山(山梨・静岡)、九重山(大分)、霧島山(宮崎・鹿児島)など。

(3)ランクC 大雪山(たいせつざん)(北海道)、八甲田山(青森)、燧ヶ岳(ひうちがだけ)(福島)、赤城山(群馬)、乗鞍岳(長野・岐阜)、由布岳(大分)、開聞岳(鹿児島)など。

 活火山の恵みは大きいが、害も侮りがたい。気象庁は、「火山防災のために監視・観測体制の充実等が必要な火山」として火山噴火予知連絡会によって選定された50火山(2017年時点)について、大学等の研究機関や自治体・防災機関等の協力を得ながら、地震計、GNSS(衛星測位システム)観測装置、傾斜計、空振計、監視カメラ等により、活動状況を24時間体制で常時観測・監視している。

[諏訪 彰・中田節也]

[参照項目] | 火山 | 火山噴火予知連絡会[補完資料] | 日本の活火山

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