Kazasukeru - Kazasukeru

Japanese: カザスケル - かざすける

In this respect, they were different from the ulama of Arab and Iranian societies, who became leaders of the people's autonomy or resistance under the rule of foreign tribes, including Turks, from the 10th century onwards. The ulama were at the top of this ulama class, the Mufti of Istanbul (Seyhul Islam) and two Kazasker (Grand Judges) who participated in the Imperial Council of the palace. The Desirme system and the Madrasah education provided opportunities for non-Muslims and the Muslim masses to rise socially, but there were also many opportunities for individuals to be recognized by the Sultan or high officials and advance in their careers based on their personal abilities, and Istanbul society as a whole was a fluid society that did not allow the formation of clans.

From the Ottoman Empire

...The local administrative divisions were eyâlets (provinces), sancaks (provinces), and kazās (counties), and military governors called beylerbeyi and sancakbeyi were dispatched to the first two. The administrators of the kazas were qadis (judges) belonging to the ulama class, who reported directly to the kazasker (best judge) who attended the Imperial Council, and who also presided over the Sharia courts which handled both criminal and civil cases. In this way, the ulama class, such as muftis and qadis, were incorporated into the governing structure and bureaucratized, which is a distinctive feature of the Islamic state system of the empire that differed from that of Iran and Arab dynasties.

From Sadrazam

In wartime, except when the Sultan personally campaigned, he served as the commander-in-chief of the imperial army. However, in religious matters, the Shaykh al-Islam had the final say, and the kazasker (high judge) exercised authority over the appointment and dismissal of judges (qadis). After the 15th century, as the Deusirme system developed, people of non-Turkish ethnic origin were primarily appointed to this position.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Kazaskel" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…その点10世紀以後トルコ系をはじめとする異民族支配のもとにおかれ，民衆の自治ないしは抵抗の指導者となったアラブやイラン社会のウラマーとは性格を異にした。こうしたウラマー層の頂点に立ったのがイスタンブールのムフティー(シェイヒュル･イスラムşeyhülislam)であり，また，宮廷の御前会議に加わった2名のカザスケルkazasker(大法官)であった。デウシルメ制度やメドレセ教育は，非ムスリムおよびムスリム大衆にとって社会的に上昇するチャンスを与えたが，それ以外にも個人的能力に応じてスルタンや高官に認められて出世する機会も多く，イスタンブール社会は，全体として門閥の形成を許さぬ流動的な社会であった。…

【オスマン帝国】より

…地方行政区分は，エヤーレトeyâlet(州)，サンジャクsancak(県)，カザーkazā(郡)からなっており，前2者にはそれぞれ，ベイレルベイbeylerbeyi，サンジャクベイsancakbeyiとよばれる軍政官が派遣された。カザーの行政官はウラマー層に属するカーディー(裁判官)であったが，彼は御前会議に列席する大法官(カザスケルkazasker)に直属し，同時に，刑事･民事訴訟の双方を取り扱うシャリーア法廷を主宰した。このように，ムフティーやカーディーのごときウラマー層が統治機構の一端に組みこまれ，官僚化されたところに，帝国のイスラム国家体制の，イランやアラブ諸王朝とは異なる特徴がある。…

【サドラザム】より

…戦時，スルタン親征以外の場合は，帝国軍総司令官を務めた。ただし，宗教的事がらに関しては，シェイヒュル･イスラム(シャイフ･アルイスラーム)が最終的決定権を有し，裁判官(カーディー)の任免についてはカザスケルkazasker(大法官)が権限を行使した。15世紀以後，デウシルメ制が発展すると，非トルコ系諸民族出身者が主としてこの職に任命された。…

※「カザスケル」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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