It is a form of literature practiced at the Gozan Zen temples, using Chinese poetry and prose as a means of expression. A huge number of works were produced from the Kamakura period to the early Edo period, but it flourished most from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the early Muromachi period. The Five Mountains refer to the five great temples of the Rinzai sect, and are the highest-ranking temples as determined by the shogunate. The number and ranking of the Five Mountains fluctuated from time to time, but in 1386 (3rd year of Genchu and Shitoku), they were finally decided as follows. The first to fifth Five Mountains are Kencho-ji, Engaku-ji, Jufuku-ji, Jochi-ji, and Jomyo-ji in Kamakura. In Kyoto, they are Tenryu-ji, Shokoku-ji, Kennin-ji, Tofuku-ji, and Manju-ji, and Nanzen-ji is placed above the 10 temples that make up the Five Mountains of Kamakura and Kyoto. These 11 temples are called the Five Mountains (Sourin). The term "Gozan literature" is sometimes used to refer only to the literature of Zen monks who were active in temples within the Gozan system, but it is more appropriate to use the term to refer generally to the literature of all medieval Zen temples, including those outside the Gozan system. [Tamaki Nakamoto] Expression techniqueThe expressive method of Gozan literature is not so-called Japanese text, but takes the form of Chinese poetry and classical Chinese. All of the authors were Zen monks, and the readers (beneficiaries) were also people within the Zen temples, with the exception of a very small number of aristocrats and high-ranking samurai. This is the reason why it formed a unique world that is different from other literary worlds. The content of the works shows a wide range of diverse aspects, from Buddhist terms such as "juen," "jodo," "hinpotsu," and "shinzo," to religious verses such as chants and praises, and even literary poetry. There is a wide range of works, from those with a strong religious color to those that are almost completely devoid of it. However, these are all collectively categorized as Gozan literature. [Tamaki Nakamoto] Author and workThe seeds of Gozan literature were brought to Japan by monks from mainland China, such as Daikyu Shonen, Mugaku Sogen, and Issan Ichinei. The spirit of respect for writing in the Zen temples of the mainland was transplanted. In addition, monks who had studied abroad and were passionate about seeking the law brought back religion, culture, and knowledge from the mainland, and this is where Gozan literature in Japan began. The two great figures in the heyday of Gozan literature are Gido Shushin (1325-88) and Zekkai Chushin (1336-1405), both of whom possessed literary skills that rivaled those of their Chinese counterparts. Gido's poetry and prose collections "Kugeshu" and Zekkai's "Shokenko" each received prefaces from Ming poets, and their poetic techniques and style were praised. Excellent poet-monks who preceded them include Sesson Yubai of "Bingashū," Kokan Shiren of "Sehokushū," and Chugan Engetsu of "Tokai Ichiōshū." The main poet-monks after Gido and Zekkai include Isho Tokugan of "Tokai Kashu", Jiangxi Longpa of "Shokusui Shishu", Shinden Seihan of "Shinden Shikou", Nanko Sogen of "Gyoan Shokou", and Kyounshuu of "Kyouunshuu". These include Ikkyu Sojun of "Kyouun Shishu" and "Kyouun Shishu," Yokokawa Keisan of "Hoan Keikashu," Banri Shukyu of "Baika Mujinzo," Keijo Shurin of "Kanrin Koroshu," and Gesshu Jukei of "Genunkou." Yokokawa Keizo compiled "Hyakunin Isshu" (year of compilation unknown) by selecting one poem from each of 100 poet-monks, past and present. The selection of 100 poets suggests the depth of the foundation of the poet-monks, and also suggests the formation of a poetry world. Around the same time, "Kajoshu" (compiled by Bunkyo Keisen) was compiled, which selected 10 poems from each of 20 "masterpieces of modern elders." This has a preface dated 1489 (the third year of Chokyo) by Hikoryu Shuko, and these two poetry anthologies well show the state of Gozan literature in the mid-Muromachi period and the late 15th century. That is, the rise of poetry, the establishment of seven-word quatrains, and the dilution of religiosity. [Tamaki Nakamoto] The end of Gozan literatureTowards the end of the Muromachi period, the world of Gozan literature became increasingly diluted in its religious nature, and the tendency towards pure literature strengthened. There were more works and authors that wrote about beautiful women and handsome men, or about homosexuality. Even collections of works imbued with emotion, such as San'eki Enshi (date of creation unknown) by San'eki Eiin (?-1520?), appeared. The spiritual tension faded from the works, and the unique ideological character of Zen temple literature disappeared. From the literary point of view, this may have been a path towards pure literature, but it also meant that the poetry and prose of Zen temples, which had maintained tension and formed a unique world supported by a spiritual spirit, was transformed into poetry and prose that reflected mundane views and vulgar emotions. The literature of the Gozan Zenrin schools, which had been imported along with Zen Buddhism from the continent to replace the decline of Chinese poetry and prose during the Heian period, disappeared with the collapse of the Muromachi shogunate. Chinese poetry and prose during the Edo period broke away from the influence of the Gozan schools and was reborn with Confucianism at its core. [Tamaki Nakamoto] "Japanese Classical Literature Series 89: Gozan Literature and Edo Chinese Poetry, edited by Yamagishi Tokuhei (1966, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Gozan Literature, by Tamamura Takeji (1966, Shibundo)" ▽ "A Study of the History of Gozan Poetry, by Kageki Hideo (1977, Kasama Shoin)" ▽ "Gozan Literature, by Nakamoto Tamaki (included in The Complete History of Japanese Literature 3: The Middle Ages, 1978, Gakutosha)" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
五山禅林において行われた文学で、漢詩文を表現の手段とする。鎌倉時代から江戸時代の初期にかけて膨大な数の作品がつくられたが、もっとも盛んであったのは南北朝時代から室町時代の前期にかけてである。 五山とは、五つの臨済(りんざい)宗の大寺院を意味し、幕府の定めた寺格の最上位を占めるものである。五山の寺数とその序列はときによって変動しながら、1386年(元中3・至徳3)にほぼ最終的に次のように決定した。五山第一から第五まで、鎌倉では建長寺・円覚(えんがく)寺・寿福寺・浄智(じょうち)寺・浄妙寺。京都では天竜(てんりゅう)寺・相国(しょうこく)寺・建仁(けんにん)寺・東福寺・万寿(まんじゅ)寺の各5寺で、この鎌倉五山、京都五山の10寺の上に南禅寺が置かれた。以上の11か寺を五山(叢林(そうりん))と称する。五山文学というとき、この五山制度内の寺院を活躍場所とした禅僧の文学に限る場合があるが、五山制度外の禅寺をも含んだ中世の禅林全体の文学を概称するのが穏当である。 [中本 環] 表現手法五山文学の表現手法は、いわゆる和文によらず、漢詩・漢文の形をとっている。作者はすべて禅僧であり、読者(享受者)もまた、ごく一部の貴族や高級武士を除いては、禅林内部の人たちであった。ここに他の文学世界と異なる独自の世界を形成した原因がある。作品の内容は、入院(じゅえん)・上堂(じょうどう)・秉払(ひんぽつ)・陞座(しんぞ)などの法語類から、頌偈(じゅげ)・賛などの宗教的な韻文、さらには文学的な詩文をも含むという、雑多な幅広い様相をみせている。宗教色の濃いものから、ほとんどその欠落したものまで広く存在するのである。これらはしかし、すべて五山文学として総括する。 [中本 環] 作者と作品五山文学の萌芽(ほうが)は、中国大陸から渡来した大休正念(だいきゅうしょうねん)、無学祖元(むがくそげん)、一山一寧(いっさんいちねい)らの来日僧によってもたらされた。大陸禅林における文筆尊重の風が移植されたのである。これに加えて、求法(ぐほう)の情熱厚い留学僧たちが、大陸の宗教・教養・知識を持ち帰り、ここにわが国の五山文学は出発する。 五山文学隆盛期の双璧(そうへき)と称されるのは、義堂周信(ぎどうしゅうしん)(1325―88)と絶海中津(ぜっかいちゅうしん)(1336―1405)であるが、彼らはともに大陸の人たちにも引けをとらぬ文章力をもっていた。義堂の詩文集『空華集(くうげしゅう)』、絶海の『蕉堅藁(しょうけんこう)』はそれぞれ明(みん)人から序をもらい、詩の技法・作風を嘆称されている。彼らに先んずる優れた詩僧としては、『岷峨集(びんがしゅう)』の雪村友梅(せっそんゆうばい)、『済北集(せいほくしゅう)』の虎関師錬(こかんしれん)、『東海一漚集(とうかいいちおうしゅう)』の中巌円月(ちゅうがんえんげつ)らがいる。 義堂、絶海以降のおもな詩僧をあげると、『東海華集(とうかいけいかしゅう)』の惟肖得巌(いしょうとくがん)、『続翠詩集(しょくすいししゅう)』の江西竜派(こうさいりゅうは)、『心田詩稿(しんでんしこう)』の心田清播(しんでんせいはん)、『漁庵小稿(ぎょあんしょうこう)』の南江宗沅(なんこうそうげん)、『狂雲集(きょううんしゅう)』『狂雲詩集』の一休宗純(いっきゅうそうじゅん)、『補庵京華集(ほあんけいかしゅう)』の横川景三(おうせんけいさん)、『梅花無尽蔵(ばいかむじんぞう)』の万里集九(ばんりしゅうく)、『翰林胡蘆集(かんりんころしゅう)』の景徐周麟(けいじょしゅうりん)、『幻雲稿(げんうんこう)』の月舟寿桂(げっしゅうじゅけい)らがいる。 横川景三は、古今の詩僧100人の詩を1首ずつ選んで『百人一首』(成立年未詳)を編んだ。100人の作者が選ばれるについては、その基底にある詩僧の層の厚さが思われ、また、詩壇の形成ということも想像される。同じころ「近代諸老の佳作」を20人から10首ずつ選んだ『花上集(かじょうしゅう)』(文挙契選(ぶんきょけいせん)編)が編まれている。これは彦龍周興(げんりゅうしゅうこう)の長享(ちょうきょう)3年(1489)の序をもつが、これら二つの詩の選集は、室町中期・15世紀後半の五山文学の様相をよく示している。すなわち、詩の隆盛、七言絶句の定着、宗教性の希薄化などである。 [中本 環] 五山文学の終結室町末期になると、五山文学の世界は宗教性がますます希薄化して純文学化の傾向が強くなってくる。美人や佳人を詠み、あるいは男色を詠ずる作品・作者も多くなる。三益永因(さんえきえいいん)(?―1520?)の『三益艶詞(えんし)』(成立年未詳)のような情緒纏綿(てんめん)たる作品集さえ出現するに至る。求道的な緊張が作品のなかから薄れ、禅林文学独自の思想性もなくなってくる。これは文学の側からすれば純文学化の道をたどったようであるが、求道的精神の支えによって緊張を保ち独自の世界を形成していた禅林の詩文が、平凡な見解(けんげ)や低俗な情緒の反映としての詩文に転化したことを意味する。 平安朝漢詩文の衰退にかわって、大陸の禅宗とともに移入された五山禅林の文学は、室町幕府の崩壊とともに消滅した。江戸期の漢詩文は、五山の影響を脱却し、儒学思想を中核とするところから新生するのである。 [中本 環] 『山岸徳平校注『日本古典文学大系89 五山文学集・江戸漢詩集』(1966・岩波書店)』▽『玉村竹二著『五山文学』(1966・至文堂)』▽『蔭木英雄著『五山詩史の研究』(1977・笠間書院)』▽『中本環著「五山文学」(『日本文学全史3 中世』所収・1978・学燈社)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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