Italian anatomist and physiologist. Known for discovering animal electricity. In 1759, he became a doctor, earning degrees in philosophy and medicine from the University of Bologna. In 1766, he was appointed director of the Anatomical Museum, and in 1768, he became a lecturer at the University of Bologna, assistant professor of anatomy in 1775, and professor of obstetrics at the Scientific Institute in 1782. He made great achievements in anatomy, such as his 1762 paper on bone development and his 1775 paper on the structure of the bird's ear, but he later studied physiology, especially nerves and muscles, and in the late 1780s, he moved on to research on electrical stimulation using frogs' legs. During this time, he discovered that frogs' legs would twitch even without direct discharge from an electric generator or Leyden jar. He also confirmed through experiments that this also occurred during lightning (discharge in the atmosphere). He also noticed that if he hung a frog's legs from a brass hook on an iron grate, it would twitch even on sunny days. He studied this and came to the conclusion that electricity specific to animals exists in the nerves and muscles, explaining that electricity accumulated in muscles, as in a Leyden jar, is discharged when a circuit is made with metal. He published this in 1791 as "Notes on the Action of Electricity in Muscular Movement." Volta criticized this interpretation, saying that current is generated by the contact of two metals, and a debate ensued in the 1790s, but it was settled in 1800 when Volta invented the battery. The idea of animal electricity was developed further by Du Bois Reymond in the 1840s. [Kiyoshi Takada, July 20, 2018] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イタリアの解剖学者、生理学者。動物電気の発見で知られる。1759年、ボローニャ大学で哲学、医学の学位を得て医者となる。1766年に解剖学博物館の管理者に任命され、1768年ボローニャ大学の講師、1775年解剖学助教授となり、1782年には科学研究所の産科学教授。1762年の骨の発達についての論文や1775年の鳥の耳の構造についての論文など解剖学において業績をあげたが、その後は生理学、とくに神経と筋肉の研究を行い、1780年代後半には、カエルの足を用いた電気刺激の研究へと進んだ。そのおり、起電機、ライデン瓶から直接に放電を受けないのに、カエルの足にけいれんが生じることを発見した。また雷(大気中の放電)のときにも生じることを実験で確かめた。しかも、鉄の格子に真鍮(しんちゅう)の鉤(かぎ)でカエルの足をつるしておくと、晴れた日でもけいれんが生じることに気づいた。これを研究し、神経や筋肉中に動物特有の電気が存すると解し、ライデン瓶のように筋肉中にたまった電気が金属で回路がつくられたとき放電したと説明する。1791年に『筋肉運動における電気の作用に関する覚書』として出版した。この解釈については、ボルタが2種の金属の接触による電流の発生であると批判し、1790年代に論争が行われたが、1800年にボルタが電池を発明して決着をつけた。動物電気の考えは1840年代にデュ・ボア・レイモンによって発展させられた。 [高田紀代志 2018年7月20日] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Carbanion (English spelling)
>>: Kalhaa - Karuhana (English spelling)
A formal jacket worn by men during the day. It is...
...A general term for thin paper with a low basis...
A technician who performs clinical testing. Licens...
...The crew in the basket operates the water cann...
...The city has a long history of flood control, ...
...The family of JF Kennedy, the 35th President o...
A city in southeastern Saitama Prefecture. It was ...
...A kingdom in Western Asia. Also known as the A...
A lower-ranking official who handled miscellaneous...
Year of death: 1868.7.19 (Meiji 1.5.30) Year of bi...
A river that flows northwest through the eastern ...
A clan of gods who claim to be descendants of the...
In other words, culture is seen as a unique syste...
...His portraits are gentle yet still permeated w...
A city located on the Iwatahara Plateau in the sou...