Kitchen

...The population, which numbered more than 270,000 in 1811, dropped to 10,000 during Napoleon's invasion, but returned to its original level in the 1920s. With the opening of the Moscow-Petersburg railway in 1851 and the emancipation of serfs in 1861, Moscow's industry, centered on textiles and other light industries, developed further, and by the end of the 19th century, the population had exceeded one million. The majority of the population were workers and small merchants who worked for large and small companies and who had migrated from rural areas throughout Russia. As the city expanded significantly, incorporating the residential areas of these lower-class residents, slums were formed throughout the city, including Khitrovka, the setting for Gorky's The Bottom. On the other hand, there were many examples of families such as the Morozovs and Guchkovs who rose from rural peasants to become bourgeois by running businesses in Moscow, and in general, real power in the city government shifted from the aristocracy to the capitalists. ...

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Khitrovka" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…1811年に27万余りをかぞえた人口はナポレオンの侵入時に1万人に激減したが，20年代にはもとの水準に戻り，さらに51年のモスクワ～ペテルブルグ間の鉄道開通，61年の農奴解放などを契機に，織物をはじめ軽工業を中心とするモスクワの産業は一段と発展し，19世紀末に人口は100万を突破した。その人口の大半を占めたのはロシア各地の農村から流入した大小の規模の企業で働く労働者や零細な商人たちであり，それら下層の住民の居住区をつつみこんで市域が著しく拡大すると同時に，ゴーリキーの《どん底》の舞台となるヒトロフカKhitrovkaをはじめ市内各地に貧民窟が形成された。他方，モロゾフ家，グチコフ家のように地方の農民から身をおこしモスクワで事業を営んでブルジョア化した例も多く，概して市政の実権は貴族から資本家の手に移った。…

※「Khitrovka」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報