Art school - Gain

An institution for producing paintings in the Chinese imperial court. Abbreviation of the Hanlin Painting Academy. Painters were placed in the imperial court since the Han dynasty, but the Hanlin Painting Academy was established as a branch of the Hanlin Academy during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang dynasty (first half of the 8th century), and became the leading institution for producing paintings in the imperial court, and was established in every dynasty up to the Qing dynasty, except for the Yuan dynasty. Xuanzong placed the painters of the Painting Academy directly under the emperor, and they were called gubu, but later became official positions, becoming Hanlin Taizhao and Hanlin Gufu. Later Shu and Southern Tang of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms also established painting academies, and further gave them the positions of attendant governor and governor of art. In the Song dynasty, the scale of the academy was further expanded and improved, and it presented a grand spectacle unparalleled in the previous dynasties. In addition to the Taizhong and Gonghou positions, they also had officials in charge of art and painting, and trained art students. Many Song emperors were art lovers, but the influence of Emperor Huizong at the end of the Northern Song was particularly significant, as he changed the treatment of painters, established the Gaxue (court art school), and appointed Mi Fu and others as professors. Huizong, who was also gifted artistic talent, was strict in teaching art students himself, wrote the questions for the hiring and promotion exams, and was closely involved in the production of art at the Painting Academy, which led to the flourishing of painting at the Painting Academy, and the formation of the Academy-style paintings of flowers, birds, and landscapes that reflected his tastes. The Southern Song Painting Academy that succeeded it was established under Emperor Gaozong by gathering painters from the Northern Song Painting Academy, such as Li Anzhong, and was enriched from the beginning of the reconstruction, reaching its peak around the time of Emperors Xiaozong and Guangzong, and continuing to flourish, producing landscape painters Ma Yuan and Xia Gui, and bird-and-flower painters Li Di. The Yuan Dynasty did not have a painting academy, so school-style painting declined, and the Ming Dynasty did not establish the Hanlin Painting Academy, but essentially restored the painting academy. However, the emperor imposed restrictions on the artists' creative activities based on his own preferences. The Qing Painting Academy flourished during the Kangxi and Qianlong periods, incorporating Southern School painting and also including the Italian missionary painter Lang Shi Ning (Castiglione).

[Shinya Hoshiyama]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国の宮廷における絵画制作機関。翰林図画院(かんりんとがいん)の略称。中国では漢代のころから宮中に画家を置き絵画制作にあたらせたが、唐代の玄宗(げんそう)帝のとき（8世紀前半）翰林院の別院として翰林図画院が設立され、以後宮廷の絵画制作の代表的な機関となり、元を除いて清(しん)朝に至る歴朝に設置された。玄宗は画院画家を天子直属とし、彼らは供奉(ぐぶ)とよばれたが、のち官職化して翰林待詔、翰林供奉となった。五代十国の後蜀(こうしょく)・南唐も画院を置き、さらに祗候(しこう)、司芸などの官をつけた。宋(そう)代になると、その規模はいっそう拡充整備されて、歴朝に類のない盛観を呈した。待詔、祗候のほか芸学、画学諭の官を加え、画学生も養成した。宋の皇帝には芸術愛好家が多かったが、とくに北宋末の徽宗(きそう)の存在は大きく、画家の待遇を変え、画学（宮廷美術学校）をおこし、米芾(べいふつ)らを博士に任命した。また芸術的天分の豊かな徽宗は自ら厳しく画学生の指導にあたり、その採用や画家の昇進の試験には自ら出題し、画院の制作においても細かく関与したので、画院絵画の隆盛を生み、その趣好を反映して花鳥・山水に院体画が形成された。その後を受けた南宋の画院は、高宗のとき李安忠(りあんちゅう)など北宋画院の画家を集めて設けられ、再建当初より充実し、孝宗、光宗ごろを最盛期として繁栄を続け、山水画の馬遠(ばえん)・夏珪(かけい)、花鳥画の李迪(りてき)を出した。元は画院を置かなかったので院体画は衰退し、明(みん)は翰林図画院は置かなかったが、実質上画院を復興した。しかし、画家の制作活動に対して皇帝がその好みによる制約を加えた。清の画院は康煕(こうき)・乾隆(けんりゅう)時代に栄え、南宗画も取り入れ、またイタリア人宣教師の画家郎世寧(ろうせいねい)（カスティリオーネ）も加えた。

［星山晋也］

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例