Massive ore deposit

Japanese: 塊状鉱床 - かいじょうこうしょう(英語表記)massive ore deposit
Massive ore deposit

This refers to deposits that are irregular in shape, such as plates (veins) or cylinders, and that are composed mostly of dense aggregates of ore minerals, among deposits that are incongruent with the bedding of the surrounding strata or the banded structure of the rocks. Although the term has no relation to the origin of the deposit, skarn deposits (contact metasomatic deposits), hydrothermal metasomatic deposits, most massive sulfide deposits, strata-bound deposits (deposits that occur in strata formed at the same time in each region), and some normal magmatic deposits occur as massive deposits.

In the case of replacement deposits, ore fluids penetrate through cracks, faults, strata boundaries, and bedding planes in rocks, replacing the surrounding rocks to form the deposit, resulting in a massive shape overall. Therefore, there is a close relationship between geological structures such as faults, cracks, and folds and the shape of the deposit. Massive sulfide deposits are formed when chimney-shaped bodies made of sulfides formed by the eruption of hot water associated with undersea volcanic activity collapse, forming massive deposits. Among the Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits, which are a type of strata-bound deposit, there are some that form massive deposits by filling irregular voids in carbonate rocks at a certain strata. Orthomagmatic chromite deposits occurring in ultramafic rocks in ophiolites (a complex of ultramafic rocks, gabbro, basalt, dolerite, chert, etc. occurring in orogenic belts) were initially formed in layered forms, and then became irregularly shaped massive deposits as a result of violent deformation caused by mountain building. To more clearly describe the form of massive deposits, they are sometimes referred to as potato-shaped, cocoon-shaped, pod-shaped, etc., after analogies with similar forms.

[Taichi Mariko]

[References] | Massive sulfide deposits | Ore deposits | Replacement deposits | Banded structures | Skarn deposits | Orthomagmatic deposits | Orogeny | Strata-bound deposits | Bedding | Strata

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

周囲の地層の層理、あるいは岩石の縞(しま)状構造と非調和な形態の鉱床のうち、板状(脈状)、筒状などのように規則性がなく、不規則な形を示し、鉱石の大部分が鉱石鉱物の緻密(ちみつ)な集合体からなる鉱床をいう。鉱床の成因には無関係の呼称であるが、スカルン型鉱床(接触交代鉱床)、熱水交代鉱床、塊状硫化物鉱床の大部分、層準規制鉱床(地域ごとに、同時期に生成された地層中に産出する鉱床)、正マグマ性鉱床の一部が塊状鉱床として産する。

 交代鉱床の場合は、岩石の割れ目や断層、地層境界面、層理面に沿って鉱液が侵入し、周囲の岩石を交代して鉱床が生成され、その結果全体として塊状の形態を示す。したがって断層や岩石の割れ目、あるいは褶曲(しゅうきょく)などの地質構造と鉱床の形態とは密接な関係がある。塊状硫化物鉱床は、海底火山活動に伴う熱水の噴出によって生成された硫化物からなる煙突状の物体が崩壊して、塊状の鉱床が形成されたものである。層準規制鉱床の一種であるミシシッピバレー型鉛・亜鉛鉱床には、一定層準の炭酸塩岩中の不規則な空隙(くうげき)を充填(じゅうてん)して塊状鉱床をなすものがある。オフィオライトophiolite(造山帯に超塩基性岩、斑糲(はんれい)岩、玄武岩、粗粒玄武岩、チャートなどが複合して産するもの)中の超塩基性岩中に産する正マグマ性クロム鉄鉱鉱床は、はじめ層状の形態をなして生成された後、造山運動による激しい変形作用の結果、不規則な形の塊状鉱床となったものが多い。塊状鉱床の形態をより明瞭(めいりょう)に表現するために、その形態に類似するものに例え、芋(いも)状、繭(まゆ)状、莢(さや)状などという場合がある。

[鞠子 正]

[参照項目] | 塊状硫化物鉱床 | 鉱床 | 交代鉱床 | 縞状構造 | スカルン型鉱床 | 正マグマ性鉱床 | 造山運動 | 層準規制鉱床 | 層理 | 地層

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