Provisional injunction - karishobun

There are two types of provisional dispositions for disputed property (Article 23, Paragraph 1 of the Civil Preservation Law) and provisional dispositions that determine a provisional status (Article 23, Paragraph 2 of the same law). Provisional dispositions for disputed property are dispositions that fix the current situation in order to preserve the future execution of claims for the delivery of specific property other than monetary claims, when there is a risk that changes to the current situation will make the claim impossible or difficult to execute. For example, provisional dispositions prohibiting transfer of possession to preserve the right to claim for eviction of buildings and land, provisional dispositions prohibiting disposal to preserve the right to claim for registration (cancellation of registration), and provisional dispositions of custody by a bailiff to preserve the right to claim for the delivery of specific movable property.

Provisional dispositions that determine a provisional status are not related to preservation of execution, but are dispositions that temporarily restrict rights in order to remove current dangers and anxieties when there is a current dispute over certain rights and the creditor would suffer irreparable damage or be exposed to imminent violence if the status quo were left as is until the dispute is resolved through litigation. For example, provisional dispositions that suspend the execution of director duties and appoint a substitute in anticipation of a lawsuit to confirm the invalidity of a general meeting of shareholders of a corporation or to sue for the cancellation of the resolution, and provisional dispositions that determine the status of an employee in anticipation of a lawsuit to confirm the invalidity of a dismissal, etc.

As with provisional attachment, provisional disposition procedures are divided into provisional disposition court procedures to decide whether or not to issue a provisional disposition order, and provisional disposition execution procedures based on a provisional disposition order. These procedures are generally the same as those for provisional attachment. Therefore, prima facie proof of the right to be preserved and the reason for preservation is required (however, a provisional disposition order that determines the provisional status cannot be issued until oral argument or a hearing date in which the debtor can be present has passed). However, unlike provisional attachment, provisional dispositions have a wide variety of rights to be preserved and there are various types of requirements for preservation, so the nature of the dispositions ordered by the court varies, and a large part is left to the discretion of the court. For example, to preserve the right to evict a building, a provisional disposition prohibiting the transfer of possession is generally considered sufficient, but if there is a risk that the debtor will remodel the building and lose its identity, it will be necessary to prohibit the remodeling, and if there is a risk that the debtor will damage the building, it will be necessary to order the building to be kept in the custody of a bailiff. Regarding the method of execution, provisional measures prohibiting disposition are executed by registering the prohibition, while provisional measures prohibiting transfer of possession are executed by having the bailiff actually take custody of the property, along with issuing a prohibition on transfer and an order to hand it over to the bailiff, and making a public notice to that effect.

In addition, until the Civil Preservation Act (Act No. 91 of 1989) came into effect (January 1, 1991), provisional disposition procedures, along with provisional attachment procedures, were separately stipulated in the Civil Procedure Act (trial procedures) and the Civil Execution Act (execution procedures), but after the Civil Preservation Act came into effect, they were integrated into civil preservation procedures.

[Yoshinobu Homma]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

執行保全手続の一つで、係争物に関する仮処分（民事保全法23条1項）と、仮の地位を定める仮処分（同法同条2項）との2種がある。係争物に関する仮処分とは、金銭債権以外の特定物の給付請求権の将来における執行を保全するために、現状の変更によりその請求権の執行不能あるいは執行困難が生ずるおそれのある場合に、現状を固定する処分をいう。たとえば、建物・土地の明渡し請求権保全のための占有移転禁止の仮処分、登記（抹消登記）請求権保全のための処分禁止の仮処分、特定動産の引渡し請求権保全のための執行官保管の仮処分などがそれである。

　仮の地位を定める仮処分とは、執行保全とは関係ないが、ある権利関係につき現在争いがあり、その争いの訴訟による解決まで現状を放置したのでは債権者にとって取り返しのつかない損害が発生し、あるいは急迫な強暴にさらされるという場合に、現在の危険や不安を除去するため、権利関係に暫定的に規制を加える処分をいう。たとえば、株式会社の株主総会決議無効確認・決議取消しの訴えなどを予定しての取締役職務執行停止・代行者選任の仮処分、解雇無効確認の訴えを予定しての従業員たる地位を定める仮処分などである。

　仮処分手続は、仮差押えの場合と同じく、仮処分命令を出すか否かを決定する仮処分裁判手続と、仮処分命令に基づく仮処分執行手続とに分かれる。これらについては原則として仮差押えに関する場合と同様である。したがって、被保全権利、保全の理由の疎明(そめい)（いちおうの証明）が必要とされる（ただし、仮の地位を定める仮処分命令は、口頭弁論または債務者が立ち会うことができる審尋の期日を経なければ、これを発することができない）が、仮差押えとは異なり、仮処分においては、被保全権利の種類が多様で、かつ保全の必要性にもいろいろの態様のものがあるので、裁判所の命ずる処分の内容にも性質上種々のものがあって、裁判所の裁量にゆだねられている部分が大きい。たとえば、建物の明渡し請求権保全のためには、一般には占有移転禁止の仮処分でよいと考えられるが、債務者が改築して建物の同一性を喪失させるおそれがある場合には、改築を禁止することが必要であろうし、債務者が建物を損壊するおそれのある場合には、執行官保管を命ずる必要がある。また、執行の方法については、処分禁止の仮処分の執行は、処分禁止の登記をする方法で行い、占有移転禁止の仮処分の執行は、移転禁止および執行官への引渡し命令とともに、現実に執行官にそのものを保管させ、それらの旨の公示をする等の方法で行われる。

　なお、仮処分手続は仮差押え手続とともに、民事保全法（平成1年法律第91号）が施行（1991年1月1日）されるまでは民事訴訟法（裁判手続）と民事執行法（執行手続）に分かれて規定されていたが、民事保全法施行後は民事保全として統合された。

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