A general term for the climate found in temperate regions of the Earth. Generally mild, often blessed with moderate precipitation, and with clearly defined seasons. With annual precipitation of around 500-2000 mm, these regions are productive, support dense populations, and are often cultural and economic centers. In his book Climate and Civilization, American climatologist Ellsworth Huntington (1876-1947) argued that this is the most efficient climate that provides the right amount of stimulation for human life. In the Northern Hemisphere, forests in temperate climate regions are dominated by evergreen broadleaf trees in the south, while coniferous trees increase in the north. There is almost no period of cessation of growth even after leaves fall, because the winters are not extremely cold and the summers are not extremely dry. Most of Japan, except for Hokkaido, belongs to the temperate climate. Heavy snowfall in winter on the Japan Sea coast is rather rare in temperate climates, and it is common for the ground to not freeze or have long periods of snow cover. Summer temperatures are quite high, and tropical crops such as rice and cotton, as well as barley, wheat, grapes, oranges, vegetables, and flowers are cultivated. Precipitation is generally caused by fronts and temperate cyclones, and tropical cyclones grow into typhoons and hurricanes on the east coast of the continents and attack. Temperate climates are widespread in Western Europe, East Asia, eastern North America, Argentina, eastern Australia, and other areas, accounting for about 27% of the Earth's surface. In temperate climates, the vegetation and other scenery varies greatly depending on the rainfall and its seasonal distribution, so in relation to this, Köppen subdivided them into temperate rainy climates (warm humid climates and west coast oceanic climates), temperate summer rainy climates with a dry season in winter (warm winter rainy climates), and temperate winter rainy climates with a dry season in summer (Mediterranean climates). In addition, temperate monsoon climates (temperate monsoon climates), which are strongly influenced by seasonal winds, are also included, such as in East Asia. [Nozomi Kobayashi and Yoshitaka Fukuoka] "Climate and Civilization" by E. Huntington, translated by Mari Masaki (Iwanami Bunko) [Reference] | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地球上の温帯地方にみられる気候の総称。一般的に温和で、多くの場合適量の降水に恵まれ、四季の別が明瞭(めいりょう)に現れる。年降水量は500~2000ミリメートル程度で、生産力に富み、稠密(ちゅうみつ)な人口を支え、多くは文化や経済の中心地域となっている。アメリカの気候学者ハンティントンEllsworth Huntington(1876―1947)は、その著書『気候と文明』のなかで、人間生活に適度の刺激を与えるもっとも活動能率の高い気候であると説いた。 温帯気候地域の森林は、北半球においては、南方では常緑の広葉樹が多く、北方では針葉樹が増加する。落葉しても成長を休止する期間がほとんどみられないのは、冬の寒さや夏の乾燥が極端でないからである。日本では北海道を除き大部分が温帯気候に属する。日本海側の冬の多雪は温帯気候ではむしろ珍しいほうで、一般に地面が凍結したり、長い積雪期間をもたないのが通例である。夏の気温はかなり高く、米、ワタなどの熱帯性作物をはじめ、大麦、小麦、ブドウ、オレンジ、それに野菜や花卉(かき)が栽培される。降水は一般には前線と温帯低気圧によるものが多く、大陸東岸では熱帯低気圧が台風やハリケーンに成長して襲来する。温帯気候は、西ヨーロッパ、東アジア、北アメリカ東部、アルゼンチン、オーストラリア東部などに広がり、地球上の約27%を占める。 温帯気候は、雨の降り方やその季節的配分によって、植生等の景観が著しく異なるので、これと関連して、ケッペンは、温帯多雨気候(温暖湿潤気候と西岸海洋性気候)、冬に乾期が現れる温帯夏雨気候(なつあめきこう)(温暖冬季少雨気候)、夏に乾期が現れる温帯冬雨気候(ふゆあめきこう)(地中海性気候)に細分した。このほか、東アジアなどに顕著な季節風の影響の強い温帯季節風気候(温帯モンスーン気候)などが加えられる。 [小林 望・福岡義隆] 『E・ハンチントン著、間崎万里訳『気候と文明』(岩波文庫)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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