Italian painter. His official name was Michelangelo Merisi, but he was nicknamed after he was born in Caravaggio near Bergamo in northern Italy. He trained in Milan and moved to Rome around 1592-93. His early representative works are "The Calling of St. Matthew" and "The Martyrdom of St. Matthew", which he painted in the Contarelli Chapel of the Basilica of San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome between 1599 and 1602, and these works instantly raised his fame. His innovative style not only astonished the Roman art world, but also brought about a kind of revolution in the world of painting. The reasons for this are his handling of light and his realistic depiction, but the almost dark shadows contrast extremely with the strong artificial light, and while the contours and details are weakened, the background is painted almost entirely black, which strengthens the formative effects of the figures. And anything that is not essential to the depiction of the subject, such as the background and decorations, is completely removed from the picture plane. Moreover, in order to be completely devoted to realistic depiction, he painted figures in religious scenes that seem very ordinary or even crude. For this reason, his first painting for this church, "Saint Matthew and an Angel" (no longer extant), is said to have been rejected by the authorities of the church. Around the same time, he produced two works, "Bacchus" (Uffizi Gallery, Florence; Borghese Gallery, Rome), "The Holy Family Resting on the Flight into Egypt" and "The Penitent Mary Magdalene" (both in the Pamphili Gallery, Rome), and "The Fortune-Teller" (Louvre, Paris), but these works do not show any particularly innovative style. Caravaggio's life was even more turbulent than his paintings. He was under police and court supervision from 1600 to 1607 due to a series of lawless acts, such as quarrels and duels, and in 1606 he was even charged with murder. Even in the midst of such turmoil, he did not abandon his paintbrush and continued to create. Moreover, the works produced during this period are the most tranquil of his entire life. "The Descent from the Cross" (Vatican Museums), which he painted in 1604 at the Basilica Nuova in Rome, is a masterpiece that is extremely dynamic among his religious paintings. [Katsuya Hamatani] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イタリアの画家。正式名はミケランジェロ・メリジMichelangelo Merisiで、北イタリアのベルガモ近郊カラバッジョ生まれのため、この通称でよばれる。ミラノで修業し、1592~93年ごろローマに出た。彼の初期の代表作は1599~1602年にローマのサン・ルイジ・ディ・フランチェージ聖堂のコンタレッリ礼拝堂に描いた『聖マテオの召命』『聖マテオの殉教』で、これらの作品によって彼の名声は一挙に高められた。その斬新(ざんしん)な画風はローマの美術界を驚倒させたばかりでなく、絵画の世界に一種の革命をもたらすものであった。その要因をなすのは光の扱い方と写実描写であるが、ほとんど暗黒ともいえる陰影部が強い人工的な光と極端なコントラストをなし、輪郭や細部の抑揚が弱められている反面、背景がほとんど黒色で塗りつぶされているため、もろもろの形像の造形効果が強められている。そして背景や装飾物のような主題の表現に必要不可欠でないものは、すべて画面から排除されている。しかも写実表現に徹すべく、彼は宗教的な場面のなかに、ごく平凡な粗野にすらみえるような人物たちを描き込むのである。そのためもあり、彼が最初にこの聖堂に描いた『聖マテオと天使』(現存せず)は教会の権威者たちから拒否されたという。これらと前後して2点の『バッカス』(フィレンツェ、ウフィツィ美術館。ローマ、ボルゲーゼ美術館)『エジプトへ逃避する聖家族の休息』『懺悔(ざんげ)するマグダラのマリア』(ともにローマ、パンフィーリ美術館)、『占い師』(パリ、ルーブル美術館)が制作されているが、これらの作品にはそれほど斬新な画法はみられない。カラバッジョの生涯は彼の絵画表現にもまして激動的である。口論、決闘など相次ぐ無法行為のために1600年から07年にかけて警察と裁判所の監視下に置かれていたが、06年には殺人罪まで犯した。こうした騒乱の渦中にあっても彼は絵筆を放擲(ほうてき)することなく制作を続けた。しかもこの時期に制作された作品が、全生涯を通じてもっとも静穏な雰囲気をたたえている。04年にローマのヌオーバ聖堂に描いた『キリスト十字架降下』(バチカン美術館)は、彼の宗教画のうちでも非常に動感に富む代表作といえる。 [濱谷勝也] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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