Master painter - Oyakataka

Japanese: 親方画家 - おやかたがか

…In the Middle Ages, like other guilds, the guild was an organization created to regulate and support painters in each city, and to exclude foreign competitors. Members were all master painters who paid membership fees, and aspiring painters were only allowed to work as painters after undergoing a certain period of training in the master's studio and submitting a work (masterpiece, or Meisterstück) to the guild. The rules prohibited non-members, including foreign painters, who had not undergone this process from producing works, and the sale of works produced outside the guild. The number of years of training and the number of apprentices a master could have at the same time were also determined by the guild's rules, although this varied slightly depending on the city. …

From [Workshop]

...After four to six years of training, an apprentice becomes a semi-independent craftsman, has the right to change masters, and works in a workshop of his own choosing, receiving a daily wage. If he passes the guild's qualification examination, he can become a master painter, join the guild, and open his own workshop. However, for financial reasons or to further his studies, some apprentices continued to work as assistants in the workshops of famous painters after obtaining their qualifications (for example, Van Dyck in Rubens' workshop), and there were also apprentices who continued to work for the rest of their lives doing menial tasks such as grinding pigments. ...

*Some of the terminology that refers to "master painter" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…西洋中世において，他の同業組合(ギルド)と同じく，各都市の画家の相互規制と相互扶助，ならびに外来の競争者の排除を目的としてつくられた組織。組合員は会費を納める親方画家のみで構成され，画家志望者は親方の工房で一定期間の修業を積み，組合に親方資格作品masterpiece,Meisterstückを提出して，初めて画家としての活動を認められた(徒弟制度)。外来の画家を含めこの過程を経ていない非組合員の制作活動，および外部で制作された作品の販売は規約により禁止され，修業年数や，同一時期に1人の親方が擁し得る弟子の数も，都市により多少の差はあるものの組合の規約で定められていた。…

【工房】より

…4～6年ほどの修業を終えると，徒弟は半独立の職人となって親方を替える権利を得，自ら選んだ工房で日当をもらって働くようになる。さらにギルドの資格認定審査に合格すると親方画家となってギルドに加入し，自分の工房を開設できる。しかし，経済的事情や研鑽を積む目的で，資格取得後も著名な画家の工房で助手を務める者もあり(例えばルーベンスの工房におけるファン･デイク)，またこれとは別に顔料を砕くなどの下働きに一生従事する徒弟も存在した。…

※「親方画家」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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