Arabesque pattern - karakusamon

Japanese: 唐草文 - からくさもん
Arabesque pattern - karakusamon

The general term for vine patterns is arabesque patterns. It was probably named after the vines that were introduced from China, but there is also a theory that it is an abbreviation of karamigusa (Teijo Zakki, Volume 8, Chodo section). The Utsubo Monogatari contains the passage, "Arabesque, birds, etc. carved into the pattern..." so it is believed that this name was already in use during the Heian period.

The origins of arabesque patterns are very ancient, and they are surprisingly widespread. The oldest arabesque patterns were made by connecting ancient Egyptian lotus rosettes and Mesopotamian palmettes with arcs and spirals, followed by Greek arabesque, which was a compilation of these and developed into a rhythmic form, eventually incorporating acanthus elements and being passed down to Rome. This Western arabesque spread to China during the Six Dynasties period via the Silk Road. In China, arabesque patterns were then added with floral designs, grapes, pomegranates, and other motifs, and developed in a variety of ways from the Northern Qi dynasty to the Sui and Tang dynasties. It is believed that arabesque also spread to Japan by the end of the Kofun period via the Korean Peninsula, and was widely used thereafter, mainly as a decorative pattern in Buddhist art.

Arabesque patterns can be classified according to the type of plant as follows:

(1) Honeysuckle arabesque This pattern was introduced from the continent during the late Kofun period through the Asuka period. It was so named because the fan-shaped arabesque leaves resemble honeysuckle. The honeysuckle arabesque on the gilt-bronze Kanjo Banner Border Decoration (7th century), a donation to Horyu-ji Temple, is famous.

(2) Hosoge arabesque This style was popular in China during the Tang and Song dynasties, and in Japan during the Nara period.

(3) Grape arabesque A pattern that incorporates grape berries, leaves, and vines into arabesque motifs. The oldest pattern is from Assyria in the 9th century BC, and was introduced to Greece around the 4th century BC. In Europe, from the Roman era onwards, it was used to decorate the interiors of many churches and sarcophagi as a symbol of the Passion of Christ. It was introduced to China from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties period, and eventually became popular in Japan during the Asuka and Nara periods. Famous examples include the canopy of the Golden Hall of Horyuji Temple (late 7th century) and the pedestal of the principal image of Yakushiji Temple (8th century).

(4) Lotus arabesque A pattern of lotus flowers, leaves, buds, and fruits arranged in an arabesque style. It was introduced to Japan during the Asuka period through the Western Regions and China along with Buddhist art, and was used primarily to decorate Buddhist implements, such as the halo of Buddhist statues, flower garlands, flower baskets, sutra boxes, and the inside pages of sutra scrolls.

(5) Peony arabesque This pattern was often seen in Japan during the Kamakura period. In China, like the lotus arabesque, it is also used in secular textiles and ceramic decorations.

There are many other arabesque styles, but in any case, the abstract rhythm that is the lifeblood of arabesque was alien to the Japanese sensibility, and after the Heian period it fell out of favor except as decoration for Buddhist altars. Japanese arabesque styles are either centered on floral designs or have the same kind of motionless curved patterns seen on furoshiki wrapping cloths today.

[Muramoto Yu]

"The Theory of Art Styles" by Alois Riegl, translated by Toshio Nagahiro (1970, Iwasaki Bijutsu Shuppansha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

蔓草(つるくさ)文を総称して唐草文という。中国伝来の蔓草という意味で名づけられたものであろうが、からみ草の略とする説もある(『貞丈雑記』巻8、調度之部)。『うつほ物語』に「唐草、鳥など彫り透(すか)して……」という文章があるから、平安時代にはすでにこの名称が使われていたと考えられる。

 唐草文の起源は非常に古く、その分布状態は驚くほど広範囲に及んでいる。古代エジプトのロータス・ロゼット、メソポタミアのパルメットなどを弧線や渦巻線でつないだもっとも古い唐草、ついでそれらを集大成し、リズミカルな形式に展開していったギリシアの唐草、やがてこれにアカンサスの要素が融合し、ローマへと受け継がれていった。こうした西方系の唐草はシルク・ロードを経て六朝(りくちょう)時代に中国へ伝播(でんぱ)する。そして中国では、北斉(ほくせい)から隋(ずい)・唐にかけてこの唐草に花文やブドウ、ザクロなどがついて多彩に展開する。さらに日本には、朝鮮半島を経て、古墳時代の末期には伝播していたと考えられ、その後、主として仏教美術の装飾文様として広く愛用された。

 唐草文様を植物の種類によって分類すると次のようになる。

(1)忍冬(にんどう)唐草 古墳時代後期から飛鳥(あすか)時代にかけて大陸から入ってきた文様。扇状に広がった唐草の葉が忍冬に似ているところからこの名がある。法隆寺献納御物の金銅灌頂幡縁飾(かんじょうばんふちかざり)(7世紀)の忍冬唐草が有名。

(2)宝相華(ほうそうげ)唐草 中国においては唐・宋(そう)代に、日本では奈良時代に流行した。

(3)葡萄(ぶどう)唐草 ブドウの実や葉、蔓(つる)を唐草のモチーフに取り入れた文様。紀元前9世紀のアッシリアの文様がもっとも古く、前4世紀ごろギリシアに伝わり、ヨーロッパではローマ時代以後、キリスト受難の象徴として、多くの聖堂の内部装飾や石棺の装飾に用いられた。中国には後漢(ごかん)末から六朝時代に伝えられ、やがて日本でも飛鳥・奈良時代に流行した。法隆寺金堂天蓋(てんがい)(7世紀後半)、薬師寺(やくしじ)本尊の台座(8世紀)などが有名。

(4)蓮(はす)唐草 ハスの花、葉、蕾(つぼみ)、実などを唐草形式にまとめた文様。仏教美術とともに、西域(せいいき)、中国を経て飛鳥時代に渡来し、おもに仏像の光背や、華鬘(けまん)、華籠(けこ)、経箱、経巻の見返しなど、仏具類の装飾に用いられた。

(5)牡丹(ぼたん)唐草 日本では鎌倉時代ごろにこの文様が多くみられる。中国においては蓮唐草と同じく世俗的な織物や陶磁器の装飾などにも使われている。

 そのほかにもいろいろな唐草があるが、いずれにしても、唐草の生命ともいうべき抽象的なリズムは、日本人の感覚にとって異質なものであったためか、平安時代を過ぎると仏具装飾以外にはあまり好まれなくなっていった。日本の唐草は、花文中心のものか、今日風呂敷(ふろしき)にみるような動きのない曲線文様のものかのいずれかである。

[村元雄]

『アロイス・リーグル著、長広敏雄訳『美術様式論』(1970・岩崎美術出版社)』

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