Kingship

Japanese: 王権 - おうけん(英語表記)kingship
Kingship
The title of king generally means the supreme sovereign of a country, but its meaning is complex and it is difficult to give a general definition. The head of state of Britain, the king of a small Oriental country, and the chief of a tribe may all be called king. The title of imperator (the origin of the word emperor, meaning the highest military commander), used by Roman heads of state as a symbol of authority, was an expression that avoided the more superior title of "king," but it changed to something that surpassed kings in the universal nature of its rulership. When the Germanic people invaded Rome at the end of the Western Roman Empire, the Germanic kingship, which was originally only the power of a tribal chief, changed to one that incorporated the Roman idea of ​​the emperor and the religious elements seen in the even older theocracy of the Orient. Later, when the Frankish king Charles I (the Great) was crowned in 800, it can be said that the Germanic kingship had clearly been assimilated into the idea of ​​Roman imperial power. Even kings in regions that did not come under the rule of Charles I and his descendants were quick to assert their own dignity by using imperial ceremonies and decorations. Medieval European political theory likened the Pope and the Emperor to the Sun and the Moon, and the kings to the lesser satellites, but in the late Middle Ages, during the transitional period from the collapse of feudal society to the establishment of modern civil society, the monarchy, acting as a mediator between the declining feudal powers and the rising bourgeois class, was granted unlimited and absolute power (→ absolutism). With the collapse of absolute monarchy by the civil revolution, the monarchy in Europe largely lost its political function, and today the title of king is perceived as an independent international status as the sovereign of a country.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
王という称号は,一般的には一国の最高主権者を意味するものであるが,その内容は複雑で,総括的定義は困難である。イギリスの元首も,東洋の一小国の王も,部族の首長も,同じく王という名で呼ばれることがある。ローマの元首たちが権威の象徴として用いたインペラトル (皇帝の語源,最高の軍指揮官の意) の称号は,より優位の称号である「王」を避けた表現であったが,その支配権の普遍的性格において王を上回るものに変った。西ローマ帝国の末期,ゲルマンがローマに侵入すると,もともと部族の首長の権力にすぎなかったゲルマンの王権は,ローマの皇帝観念や,さらに古い時代のオリエントの神権政治にみられた宗教的要素を加味したものに変化していった。その後フランクの王カルル1世 (大帝)が戴冠した 800年の時点で,ゲルマンの王権は明らかにローマ的帝権の観念に同化したといえよう。カルル1世とその子孫の支配下に入ることのなかった地域の王たちさえも,皇帝の儀礼や装飾を用いてみずからの尊厳を主張するに急であった。中世ヨーロッパの政治理論は,教皇と皇帝を太陽と月,王たちをそれ以下の衛星に見立てたが,中世末期,封建社会の崩壊から近代市民社会の成立にいたる過渡期には,没落する封建的勢力と,上昇する市民階級の調停者としての王権は,無制限の絶大な権力を付与された (→絶対主義 ) 。市民革命による絶対王政の崩壊とともに,ヨーロッパでは王権がかつてもっていた政治的機能を大幅に失い,現在では,王の称号は,一国の主権者としての一個の独立した国際的地位を意味するものと受取られている。

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