American biochemist and pharmacologist. Born in New York as the eldest daughter of a dentist. Studied biochemistry at Hunter College, graduating in 1937. While working as a high school teacher and a research assistant for a private company, she attended New York University, earning a master's degree in 1941. After working in laboratories for food companies and other organisations, she joined the Wellcome Institute in 1944, where she remained until she retired in 1983 as an emeritus researcher. He served as Hitchings' assistant at the Wellcome Institute and later became his collaborator. At that time, new drug development mainly involved extracting components from natural products and searching for those that were thought to be effective in treatment. They compared normal cells and diseased cells biochemically, and based on that, discovered methods for developing drugs that suppress the growth of pathogens and cancer cells, leading to the development of Imuran, a treatment for leukemia, and Allopurinol, a treatment for gout. In 1988, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Hitchings and British pharmacologist J. W. Black, for "the discovery of important principles in drug therapy." [Editorial Department] "My Mom Receives a Nobel Prize: The Wonderful Lives of 14 People Who Loved Science" by Sharon Virtue McGrane, translated by Keiko Nakamura (1996, Kousakusha) [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカの生化学者、薬理学者。歯科医の長女としてニューヨークに生まれる。ハンター大学で生化学を学び、1937年に卒業、高等学校の教師や民間会社の研究助手を務めるかたわら、ニューヨーク大学に通い、1941年修士号を取得した。食品会社などの研究室勤務を経て、1944年ウェルカム研究所に入り、1983年に退職して名誉研究員になるまで在籍した。 ウェルカム研究所においてヒッチングスの助手を務め、のちに共同研究者となった。そのころの新薬開発は、おもに天然物から成分を抽出し、そのなかから治療に有効と思われるものを探しだすものであった。彼らは、正常な細胞と病気におかされた細胞を生化学的に比較し、それをふまえて、病原菌や癌(がん)細胞の増殖を抑える薬を開発する手法をみいだし、白血病の治療薬イムラン、痛風の治療薬アロプリノールなどを開発した。1988年に「薬物療法における重要な原理を発見」した功績によりノーベル医学生理学賞を、ヒッチングスおよびイギリスの薬理学者J・W・ブラックとともに受賞した。 [編集部] 『シャロン・バーチュ・マグレイン著、中村桂子監訳『お母さん、ノーベル賞をもらう――科学を愛した14人の素敵な生き方』(1996・工作舎)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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