Abbreviation for Net National Welfare. Also known as net national welfare or national welfare index. The conventional Gross National Product (GNP) did not evaluate the negative effects of environmental deterioration such as pollution and urban deterioration, and because people's attitudes towards education, leisure, etc. have changed, it has become insufficient as an economic index showing national welfare. For this reason, NNW was formulated as a welfare index that strengthens and complements GNP and is more closely related to people's lives. Theoretically, it is based on the new utility theory and is related to MEW (Measures of Economic Welfare) proposed by Tobin and William D. Nordhaus (1941-), and it shows the environmental awareness of the 1970s. NNW is expressed in monetary terms and is calculated by subtracting non-welfare items from GNP and adding welfare items that are not included in GNP. Specifically, its components are: (1) NNW government consumption (GNP item minus judicial, police, and general administrative expenses as political and social institution maintenance expenses), (2) NNW personal consumption (GNP item minus durable consumer goods purchase expenses), (3) government capital goods and services (only social capital related to daily life), (4) personal durable consumer goods and services, (5) leisure time, (6) non-market activities (housework by housewives), (7) environmental maintenance expenses, (8) environmental pollution, and (9) urbanization losses. Since NNW is intended to measure the annual flow of goods and services that are directly related to welfare, all investments are subtracted, and instead, benefits obtained from capital stock are evaluated as imputed services. In addition, the seventh and subsequent items are negative items, and for example, if the assessed value of environmental pollution and urbanization losses increases, NNW will decrease. To make this indicator accurate, it is necessary to measure each of these items rigorously. However, for the fictitious evaluation items from the third item onwards, monetary valuation involves many difficulties, such as setting objective evaluation criteria and ranges for leisure time, housework, environmental maintenance costs, etc., and there is a large room for arbitrary elements to creep in. [Hiroo Suzuki] "New Welfare Indicators" edited by the Economic Council's NNW Development Committee (1973, Ministry of Finance Printing Bureau) " ▽ "William D. Nordhaus, translated by Suzuki Atsuyuki and Murota Yasuhiro, "Energy Economics: Efficient Allocation of Energy Resources" (1982, Toyo Keizai Shinposha) [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
Net National Welfareの略称。国民純福祉または国民福祉指標という。従来の国民総生産(GNP)では、公害、都市事情の悪化など環境悪化のマイナス効果は評価されず、また教育、レジャーなどに対する国民の意識が変化したために、国民福祉を示す経済指標としては不十分となってきた。このため、国民生活により密着した福祉指標としてGNPを強化、補完するものとして策定されたのがNNWである。理論的には新効用理論に基づき、トービンとノードハウスWilliam D.Nordhaus(1941― )が提示したMEW(経済福祉指標Measures of Economic Welfare)に連なるものであり、1970年代の環境意識をみることができる。 NNWは貨幣額で表示され、それは、GNPから非福祉的部分を差し引き、それにGNPには計上されない福祉的項目を加えることによって求められる。具体的には、その構成項目は、〔1〕NNW政府消費(GNP項目から司法、警察、一般行政費を政治・社会機構維持経費として控除)、〔2〕NNW個人消費(GNP項目から耐久消費財購入費を控除)、〔3〕政府資本財サービス(生活関連社会資本のみ)、〔4〕個人耐久消費財サービス、〔5〕余暇時間、〔6〕市場外活動(主婦の家事労働)、〔7〕環境維持経費、〔8〕環境汚染、〔9〕都市化に伴う損失、の9項目である。NNWは、福祉に直接にかかわる年々の財・サービスの流れを計測しようとするものなので、投資はすべて控除され、そのかわり、資本ストックから得られる便益は帰属サービスとして評価される。また、第7項目以下はマイナス項目であり、たとえば、環境汚染や都市化に伴う損失の評価額が増えればNNWは低下する。この指標を適正なものにするには、これら各項目の計測を厳密に行うことが必要であるが、第3項目以下の擬制的評価項目では、貨幣評価を行うにあたって、たとえば余暇時間、家事労働、環境維持経費などの客観的評価基準、範囲の設定など、多くの困難を伴い、恣意(しい)的要素が入り込む余地が大きい。 [鈴木博夫] 『経済審議会NNW開発委員会編『新しい福祉指標』(1973・大蔵省印刷局)』▽『ウィリアム・D・ノードハウス著、鈴木篤之・室田泰弘訳『エネルギー経済学――エネルギー資源の効率的配分』(1982・東洋経済新報社)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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