Perturbation

Japanese: 摂動 - せつどう
Perturbation

When a planet is under the gravitational force of the Sun, it moves according to Kepler's three laws. However, when there are other planets, as in the real solar system, the motion of the planet is influenced by the gravitational forces of the other planets (albeit very small), and gradually deviates from Kepler's motion. This deviation in motion is called a perturbation. Most generally, a perturbation is a deviation caused by a small disturbance in a system where a precise solution can be obtained for the motion. Therefore, the deviation of the motion of an artificial satellite from its original motion due to friction with the Earth's atmosphere or irregularities in the Earth's gravitational field is also a perturbation. Some perturbations are periodic, but some deviations accumulate, resulting in very long-term fluctuations or sometimes infinite changes. The latter are called secular perturbations (or long-term perturbations). It is well known that the existence of Neptune was theoretically predicted by perturbations to Uranus, and that it was discovered according to that prediction. The Moon also moves in a complex manner, mainly due to perturbations from the Sun.

The term perturbation is used not only in astronomy, such as in the motion of planets, but also in physics, for example in quantum mechanics, to describe the motion of electrons in atoms under small disturbances.

[Naoaki Owaki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一つの惑星が太陽との引力の下にあるときは、その惑星はケプラーの三法則に従った運動をする。ところが、現実の太陽系のようにほかにも惑星がある場合、その惑星の運動は、他の惑星の引力の影響(ごくわずかであるが)も受けてケプラー運動から少しずつずれていく。このような運動のずれを摂動という。もっとも一般的には、摂動とは、運動などの厳密な解が得られる系に対し、小さい攪乱(かくらん)から生じたずれをいう。ゆえに、人工衛星の運動が、もともとの運動から地球大気との摩擦や地球重力場の不整などによりずれるのも摂動である。摂動には周期的なものもあるが、ずれが累積していき、その結果、非常に長周期な変動や、ときには限りなく変わっていくものもある。後者は永年摂動(長年摂動とも)とよばれる。海王星の存在が天王星に対する摂動により理論的に予言され、その予言に従って発見された事実は有名である。月も主として太陽の摂動により複雑な運動をしている。

 摂動という用語は、惑星運動など天文学のみならず、たとえば量子力学で、小さい攪乱の下での原子内の電子の運動など、物理学でもよく用いられる。

[大脇直明]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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