[What kind of disease is it?] Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a malignant tumor that occurs in the kidney. This disease accounts for approximately 5% of malignant tumors in children, and is most common in children between 1 and 4 years old. It appears to be slightly more common in girls. It occurs equally in both the left and right kidneys, and about 5% of patients have tumors in both kidneys. In addition, 20-30% of patients have a genetic predisposition, such as a family history of the same disease. It is often accompanied by congenital abnormalities or chromosomal abnormalities, such as aniridia (missing iris), abnormalities in the structure of the urinary system, and delayed mental development. [Symptoms] Symptoms do not usually appear until the tumor has grown significantly. In many cases, the first symptom is abdominal swelling or fullness caused by the tumor growing (in about three-quarters of all patients). Hematuria is seen in about 20% of patients, and sometimes blood in the urine is visible to the naked eye. This is followed by symptoms such as abdominal pain and discomfort. Additionally, approximately one-third of patients have tumor-related hypertension. The only disease that is closely related to this disease is neuroblastoma ("neuroblastoma"). A characteristic of this tumor is that it has an uneven, bumpy surface and can swell widely across the midline on both sides of the body, even onto the other side. Wilms tumor, on the other hand, is characterized by a smooth surface and rarely crosses the midline. ●Departments to visit If you feel that your child's abdomen is unusually large, you should first visit a pediatric surgeon or urologist. This disease has a high mortality rate, and in addition to surgery, patients also need to be given large doses of anti-cancer drugs, which weaken the body and make the patient more susceptible to infections. Therefore, hospitals that have clean room facilities, which provide a sterile environment, are preferable. [Testing and diagnosis] In Wilms tumor, there are no substances (tumor markers) found in the urine or blood that are unique to this disease. Therefore, the only way to detect it is through imaging tests such as ultrasound and X-rays (CT, MRI, X-ray angiography). X-ray imaging reveals numerous new blood vessels within the tumor. Tumor cells enter the blood and lymph and metastasize (hematogenous metastasis) to the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, bones, brain, etc., so it is important to check for metastasis and accurately grasp the condition using imaging tests such as CT and bone scintigraphy. [Treatment] Surgery is the main treatment and involves removing the entire tumor, including the kidney. The disease is divided into detailed stages based on factors such as whether the tumor has metastasized, whether any tumor will remain after surgery, whether the tumor has spread outside the kidney, whether there is lymph node metastasis, whether there is hematogenous metastasis to other organs, and whether there are tumors in both kidneys. Taking into consideration the stage of the disease, age, etc., a treatment plan is made that combines surgery, chemotherapy using anticancer drugs, and radiation therapy to the tumor, and treatment is carried out accordingly (this is called multidisciplinary therapy). Regardless of the stage of the disease, extensive multidisciplinary treatment is required over a long period (approximately 15 months). In recent years, treatment outcomes for Wilms tumor have improved significantly. How many years a patient can live after surgery is closely related to the stage of the disease and the nature of the tumor (pathological histology). For extremely malignant tumors (about 12% of all tumors), about 50% of patients die even after surgery, but for other, relatively low-grade tumors (88% of all tumors), about 7% of patients die after surgery, showing good outcomes. Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information |
[どんな病気か] ウィルムス腫瘍は、腎臓(じんぞう)で発生する悪性腫瘍で、腎芽腫(じんがしゅ)とも呼ばれます。 子どもの悪性腫瘍の約5%を占める病気で、1~4歳の子どもに多くみられます。女児に発症することが、やや多いようです。 左右の腎臓のどちらにも同じ程度に発生し、約5%の患者さんでは、両側に腫瘍がみられます。また、20~30%の患者さんでは、家族に同じ病気がみられるなど、遺伝的な素因が認められます。 しばしば、無虹彩(むこうさい)(目の虹彩が欠けている)、泌尿器系(ひにょうきけい)の形態の異常、精神発達の遅れなど、生まれつきの先天異常や染色体異常(せんしょくたいいじょう)をともなうことがあります。 [症状] 腫瘍が、かなり大きくなるまで、症状はなかなか現われません。 多くの場合、まず、腫瘍の増大にともなって腹部がふくれたり腫(は)れたりすることで気づきます(全患者さんの約4分の3)。 血尿(けつにょう)は、約20%の患者さんにみられる程度で、ときに肉眼でもわかるような血尿が出ます。ついで、腹痛、腹部不快感などの症状が現われます。 また、約3分の1の患者さんでは、腫瘍による高血圧症がみられます。 この病気と、ただ1つまぎらわしいものに、神経芽細胞腫(しんけいがさいぼうしゅ)(「神経芽細胞腫」)がありますが、この腫瘍の特徴は、表面が凹凸・不整で、からだの左右中央の正中線を越えて、反対側にまで大きく腫れることがある点です。 一方、ウィルムス腫瘍の特徴は、表面がなめらかで、腫瘍が正中線を越えることはまれです。 ●受診する科 子どものおなかが異様に大きいと感じたら、まず小児外科または泌尿器科を受診しましょう。 この病気は、死亡率の高い病気であり、手術以外に、抗がん剤の大量投与も必要で、からだが衰弱し、感染症などにかかりやすくなります。 したがって、無菌的な環境であるクリーンルーム施設を備えた病院が望ましいといえましょう。 [検査と診断] ウィルムス腫瘍では、尿にも血液にも、この病気でしか現われない物質(腫瘍マーカー)というものは見つかりません。 したがって、おもに超音波やX線などによる画像検査(CT、MRI、X線による血管造影)で見つけるしかありません。 X線造影などでは、腫瘍内に血管の新生が多数みられるのが特徴です。 腫瘍細胞が、血液やリンパ液に入って、リンパ節のほか、肺、肝臓、骨、脳などに転移(血行性転移(けっこうせいてんい))をおこすので、CTや骨シンチグラフィーなどの画像検査によって、転移の有無を調べ、病状を正確につかむことがたいせつです。 [治療] 手術が治療の中心となりますが、その場合は、腎臓を含めて腫瘍をまるごと切除することになります。 腫瘍が転移しているかどうか、手術して腫瘍が残ることはないか、腫瘍が腎臓の外に波及しているか、リンパ節転移はないか、ほかの臓器に血行性転移があるか、両側の腎臓に腫瘍があるかなどによって、病期が細かく分けられています。 この病期の分類、年齢などを考慮して、手術、抗がん剤の使用による化学療法、腫瘍に放射線を照射する治療を組み合わせて治療プランがつくられ、それにそって治療が進められます(集学的治療(しゅうがくてきちりょう)と呼ばれます)。 どの病期であっても、徹底した集学的治療を、長期にわたって(約15か月)受ける必要があります。 近年、ウィルムス腫瘍の治療成績は非常に向上しています。 術後、何年生きられるかということは、患者さんの病期と腫瘍の性質(病理組織像)に深くかかわっています。きわめて悪性のもの(全体の約12%)は、手術しても約50%が亡くなってしまいますが、それ以外の、比較的悪性度の低いもの(全体の88%)では、手術して亡くなる患者さんは約7%で、よい成績が得られています。 出典 小学館家庭医学館について 情報 |
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