The ritual cutting or incision of parts of the male genitalia, especially the foreskin of the penis, and sometimes the clitoris or labia minora of the female. A form of physical transformation. [Hiroki Sasaki] distributionIt has been practiced since ancient times by a wide range of peoples, including Arabs, some African peoples, Ethiopian Christians, Australian Aborigines, Malays, Caribbeans, Native South Americans, Jews, Muslims, Fijians, and Samoans, but not among Indo-European, Mongolian, or Finno-Ugric peoples. [Hiroki Sasaki] Age of CircumcisionJews are known for their strict observance of circumcision, but according to the Book of Genesis in the Old Testament, Abraham circumcised all the men in his family as a sign of his covenant with God when he was 99 years old and his son Ishmael was 13. At that time, God required all the people of Israel to be circumcised on the eighth day after birth, and anyone who violated this would be breaking the covenant (17:9-27). Since then, the "Abrahamic Covenant" has been obligatory for generations to come, and Jewish boys are to be circumcised on the eighth day after birth, regardless of whether it is the Sabbath or not, unless there is a health reason. Christianity does not recognize the religious significance of circumcision, instead placing emphasis on "circumcision of the heart by the Spirit" advocated by Paul (Romans 2:25-29). Arab tribes perform circumcision on the 7th, 14th, 21st or 24th day after birth. Persian Muslims circumcised at 3 or 4 years of age, in Fiji and Samoa at 7 years of age, and in Ethiopia at 6, 7 or 8 years of age. In Africa, some tribes follow Jewish rules, but most performed the circumcision between 30 and 60 days after birth. In ancient Egypt, the custom of circumcision was already in place as early as 4000 BC, and boys were said to have been circumcised between the ages of 6 and 12. [Hiroki Sasaki] The reality of circumcisionIn Judaism, the infant is first placed on the "Elijah's Chair", which symbolizes the passion of the prophet Elijah, and then transferred to the lap of the covenanter, who must hold the crying infant during this time. After the ceremony, the infant is given a Hebrew name. Recently, for hygienic reasons, the operation is performed in a hospital, and the celebration is held at home. In the Karageri society of Australia, when a boy reaches the age of about 12, he is circumcised as part of his coming-of-age ceremony. He is taken by his elders out of the Hurd, and after a long period of trials, he is circumcised by the older men. The circumcision is said to be the tooth scar of the sacred monster, the Bull Roller. A stone knife is more commonly used than a metal one. [Hiroki Sasaki] Religious and social meaningsThe meaning and purpose of circumcision is not consistent, and there are various interpretations, such as the sacrifice of blood and life, the giving of a "sign" of a covenant with God (in the case of Jews), a means of testing endurance, preparation for marriage, sanctification of the genitals, and hygienic reasons. However, whether it is performed in infancy or in adolescence, it basically has the meaning of an initiation ceremony or coming-of-age ceremony. In other words, circumcision is seen as a ritual that ceremonially expresses an individual's joining a certain group or society or the acquisition of a certain status or position, and is seen as an event that socially recognizes him as an official member. [Hiroki Sasaki] "A Study of Religious Rites" by Nobutsune Takenaka (1960, Aoyama Shoin) "The Star of David - Judaism" by Makoto Hasegawa (1969, Tankosha) "Rites of Passage" by Van Gennep, translated by Tsuneo and Yuko Ayabe (1977, Kobundo) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
男性性器の一部とくに陰茎の包皮、およびときとして女性の陰核もしくは小陰唇を儀礼的に切除または切開すること。身体変工の一つ。 [佐々木宏幹] 分布きわめて古い時代から、広い地域の諸民族によって行われてきた。アラブ系諸民族、若干のアフリカ系民族、エチオピアのキリスト教徒、オーストラリア先住民、マレー人、カリブ人、南アメリカ先住民、ユダヤ教徒、イスラム教徒、フィジー人、サモア人などその例である。ただし、インド・ヨーロッパ語系、モンゴル語系およびフィン・ウゴル語系諸族間では行われない。 [佐々木宏幹] 割礼の年齢ユダヤ教徒は割礼の厳守で知られるが『旧約聖書』の「創世記」によれば、アブラハムは神との契約のしるしとして、彼が99歳、その子イシマエルが13歳のとき、一家の男性をあげて割礼を行った。このとき神は、イスラエルの民はすべて生後8日目に割礼を行うべきことを要求し、これに違反する者は契約を破るものとした(17章9~27)。以来「アブラハムの契約」は代々子孫に義務づけられ、ユダヤ教徒の男子は生後8日目に、健康上の理由がない限り、安息日と否とにかかわらず、割礼を行うものとされた。 キリスト教では割礼の実施に宗教的意味を認めず、これにかわってパウロが主張した「霊による心の割礼」(「ローマ人への手紙」2章25~29)を重視する。アラブ諸族は、生後7、14、21または24日目に割礼を行う。ペルシアのイスラム教徒は3歳か4歳のときに、フィジーやサモアでは7歳のときに、エチオピアでは6、7歳または8歳のときに割礼を行った。アフリカでは若干の部族がユダヤ教徒の規則に従っているが、大部分は生後30日から60日の間にこれを実施した。古代エジプトでは紀元前4000年のころすでに割礼の風習があり、男子は6歳から12歳の間にこれを受けたという。 [佐々木宏幹] 割礼の実際ユダヤ教徒においては、割礼を受ける幼児はまず預言者エリヤの情熱を象徴する「エリヤの椅子(いす)」に乗せられ、ついで契約人の膝(ひざ)に移されて割礼を受ける。この間契約人は、泣き叫ぶ幼児を押さえていなければならない。式後、幼児にヘブライ語の名前が与えられる。最近では衛生上の理由から、手術は病院で済まし、祝宴を家庭で行う風がみられる。オーストラリアのカラジェリ人の社会では、男子が12歳ぐらいになると、成人式の一環として割礼を施す。彼は年長者に連れられてホルドを離れ、長期にわたる幾多の試練を経たのちに、年長者の男性たちにより割礼される。割礼は聖なる怪物ブル・ローラーの歯の傷痕(しょうこん)であるとされる。金属製よりも石製の小刀が使用されることが多い。 [佐々木宏幹] 宗教・社会的意味割礼の意味・目的については、血と生命の供犠、神との契約の「しるし」の付与(ユダヤ教徒の場合)などのほか、忍耐力を試す手段、結婚の準備、性器の聖化、衛生上の理由などさまざまの解釈があり、一定していない。しかし、幼児期に行われようが少・青年期に行われようが、基本的には入社(門)式、成人式の意味をもつ。すなわち割礼は、個人のある集団・社会への加入またはある身分・地位の獲得を儀礼的に表現し、彼を正式の成員として社会的に承認する行事であるとみられる。 [佐々木宏幹] 『竹中信常著『宗教儀礼の研究』(1960・青山書院)』▽『長谷川真著『ダビデの星――ユダヤ教』(1969・淡交社)』▽『ファン・ヘネップ著、綾部恒雄・裕子訳『通過儀礼』(1977・弘文堂)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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