Today, it generally refers to popular entertainment that combines American-style songs, dances, skits, etc., and is called variety in England. However, originally it was a song that was popular in France in the 16th century, and the origin of the word is said to be that in the 15th century, Olivier Basselin, a maker of quilts in Vire, Normandy, sang his own satirical chansons, which spread across the valley (val, plural vaux), and the word evolved into vaux de Vire and then vaudeville. There is also a theory that the above is a fabricated story, and that it comes from voix de ville (voice of the town), which means satire. Initially, chansons were sung at drinking parties or during breaks at work, but later, these satirical songs and dances were incorporated into theater, and in the 18th century, vaudeville-style comedies by Le Sage and others became popular, influencing Beaumarchais and others. In the 19th century, masterpieces such as La Biche's "The Italian Straw Hat" appeared, but they were eventually superseded by operettas, and the term later came to refer to light comedies without singing. Meanwhile, in America, there was a form of entertainment called minstrel shows from before the Civil War, as well as vulgar vaudeville, which originated from variety shows imported from the UK. Tony Pastor (1837-1908), known as the father of vaudeville, opened the 14th Street Theatre in New York in 1881, and in contrast to the vulgarity of the past, he successfully performed a traditional and sophisticated show using authentic singers, comedians, and acrobats. This type of show became mainstream after that, and reached its heyday from 1890 to 1920. The Palace Theatre in New York, which opened in 1913, was the number one vaudeville theater in the US, where Ed Wynn, Eddie Cantor, Al Jolson and others performed. However, vaudeville on stage was replaced by radio, movies, and television after the 1930s. Most television entertainment shows in America, including The Ed Sullivan Show, are successors of vaudeville. It was introduced to Japan in the mid-Taisho period and was also incorporated into the Asakusa Opera House, but the boundary between variety and burlesque is unclear. People who perform vaudeville are called vaudevillers, but it is difficult to distinguish them from comedians. [Soya Mukai] "The Story of American Popular Arts" by R. Nye, translated by Shunsuke Kamei et al. (1979, Kenkyusha Publishing) [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
今日一般には、アメリカ流の、歌、踊り、寸劇などを雑然と組み合わせた大衆的な娯楽演芸をさし、イギリスではバラエティとよばれている。しかし、元来は、16世紀フランスで流行した歌のことで、語源は15世紀、ノルマンディーのビルVireという地の砧(きぬた)打ち職人オリビエ・バッスランが風刺的な自作のシャンソンを歌っていたのが谷val(複数はvaux)を越えて各地に広まったことから、vaux de Vireさらにvaudevilleと転じたものという。また、以上は作り話で、風刺を意味するvoix de ville(町の声)に由来するとの説もある。当初は酒宴や仕事の合間に歌われるシャンソンであったが、のち、それらの風刺的な歌や踊りが演劇に取り入れられ、18世紀にはル・サージュらによるボードビル入り喜劇が流行、ボーマルシェなどにも影響を与えた。19世紀にはラビッシュの『イタリアの麦わら帽子』のごとき名作も現れたが、やがてオペレッタに座を奪われ、のち歌の入らない軽喜劇をさすようになった。 一方アメリカでは、南北戦争以前からミンストレル・ショーminstrel showとよばれる演芸のほか、イギリス本土から移入されたバラエティを祖とする卑俗なボードビルがあったが、ボードビルの父といわれたトニー・パスターTony Pastor(1837―1908)が、1881年ニューヨークに開いたフォーティーンス・ストリート劇場で、従来の野卑なものに対して、本格派の歌手、コメディアン、曲芸師などを使った正統的で洗練されたショーを公演して成功、以後この種のものが主流となり、1890年から1920年にかけて全盛期を迎えた。1913年に開場したニューヨークのパレス劇場は全米一のボードビル専門劇場として、エド・ウイン、エディ・キャンター、アル・ジョルソンらが活躍した。しかし舞台でのボードビルは30年代以降ラジオ、映画、そしてテレビにとってかわられた。アメリカでのテレビ演芸番組はエド・サリバン・ショーをはじめ、ほとんどがボードビルの継承である。日本には大正中期に移入され、浅草オペラにも取り入れられたが、バラエティ、バーレスクとの境界はあいまいである。ボードビルを演ずる人をボードビリアンと称するが、コメディアンとの区別はつけにくい。 [向井爽也] 『R・ナイ著、亀井俊介他訳『アメリカ大衆芸術物語』(1979・研究社出版)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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