Pulley - pulley

Japanese: 滑車 - かっしゃ
Pulley - pulley

A device that changes a small force into a large force or changes the direction of the force by hanging a rope, chain, belt, etc. on a groove in a wheel. Pulleys are divided into fixed pulleys, movable pulleys, and compound pulleys depending on how they are used, and are used in wells, hoists, cable cars, chain blocks, etc.

[Mitsuo Ishikawa]

Fixed pulley

A pulley with a fixed central axis is called a fixed pulley. With a fixed pulley, the force applied to the rope and the force that moves the object are the same, but the direction of the force can be changed. The reason for this is easy to understand if you think of the pulley as a lever. With a fixed pulley, the center serves as the fulcrum, and the length from the fulcrum to the force point is the same as the length from the fulcrum to the point of application, so the force applied to the force point and the force acting on the point of application are the same but in opposite directions. Also, the length of the rope pulled is the same as the distance the object moves. When lifting a heavy object, if a weight of the same weight as the object is attached to the other end of the rope, the object and the weight are close to being balanced, so the object can be lifted with just a small force. This principle is used in elevators, where a heavy weight is attached to the other end of the wire to allow the elevator to move easily.

[Mitsuo Ishikawa]

movable pulley

A pulley that moves with the object being moved is called a movable pulley. When using a movable pulley, the force that moves the object is twice the force applied to the rope, but the distance the object moves is half the length of the rope that is pulled. If you think of a movable pulley as a lever, the center of the pulley becomes the point of application, with a fulcrum and a point of force at each end. The length from the fulcrum to the point of application is half the length from the fulcrum to the point of force, so the force applied to the point of application is twice the force applied to the point of force.

[Mitsuo Ishikawa]

Composite Pulley

A combination of fixed and movable pulleys is called a compound pulley (also called a combination pulley). A compound pulley can change the direction of force as well as the magnitude of the force. There are many different types of compound pulleys, and sometimes a compound pulley system is used in which several pulleys with different radii are attached to a single shaft. A chain block used to lift heavy objects is an example of the application of a compound pulley ( see figure ).

[Mitsuo Ishikawa]

"Hypothesis Experiment Lesson Study Group, Seinobu Itakura ed., 'Levers, Pulleys, and Work Volume' (1988, Kokudosha)""Ito Katsuyoshi, 'Introduction to Industrial Mechanics' 2nd Edition (2001, Morikita Publishing)"

[Reference item] | Chain block
Types of pulleys (diagram)
©Shogakukan ">

Types of pulleys (diagram)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

車の溝に、綱や鎖、ベルトなどをかけて、小さな力を大きな力に変えたり、力の方向を変えたりする装置。滑車は使い方によって、定滑車、動滑車、複合滑車に分けられ、井戸、起重機、ケーブルカー、チェーンブロックなどに利用されている。

[石川光男]

定滑車

中心軸を固定した滑車を定滑車とよぶ。定滑車では、綱に加える力と物体を動かす力は同じであるが、力の方向を変えることができる。その理由は、滑車をてこの作用に置き換えて考えるとわかりやすい。定滑車では、中心が支点となり、支点から力点までの長さと、支点から作用点までの長さは同じなので、力点に加える力と作用点に働く力は同じで方向が逆になる。また綱を引く長さと、物体が動く距離は同じである。重い物体を引き上げる場合には、物体と同じくらいの重さのおもりを綱の他方の端につないでおくと、物体とおもりはつり合いに近い状態になるので、小さな力を加えるだけで物体を引き上げることができる。エレベーターではこの原理が利用されていて、ワイヤの他方に重いおもりをつなぎ、エレベーターを軽く動かすようにくふうされている。

[石川光男]

動滑車

動かそうとする物体といっしょに動く滑車を動滑車とよぶ。動滑車を使うと、物体を動かす力は綱に加える力の2倍になるが、物体が動く距離は綱を引く長さの半分になる。動滑車をてこの作用に置き換えてみると、滑車の中心は作用点となり、両端に支点と力点がある形になっている。支点から作用点までの長さは、支点から力点までの長さの半分になっているので、作用点にかかる力は力点にかかる力の2倍になる。

[石川光男]

複合滑車

定滑車と動滑車をいくつか組み合わせたものを複合滑車とよぶ(組合せ滑車ともよばれる)。複合滑車は力の方向を変えると同時に、力の大きさを変えることができる。複合滑車にはいろいろな種類があり、一つの軸に半径の違う滑車をいくつも取り付けた複滑車装置が使われることもある。重いものを引き上げるときに使うチェーンブロックは複合滑車の応用例である()。

[石川光男]

『仮説実験授業研究会・板倉聖宣編『てこ・滑車・仕事量』(1988・国土社)』『伊藤勝悦著『工業力学入門』第2版(2001・森北出版)』

[参照項目] | チェーンブロック
滑車の種類〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

滑車の種類〔図〕


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