Image orthicon - Image orthicon (English spelling)

Japanese: イメージオルシコン - いめーじおるしこん(英語表記)image orthicon
Image orthicon - Image orthicon (English spelling)

A type of television camera tube developed by RCA in the United States in 1946. It is an electron tube that contains a photocathode, target glass, target mesh, electron gun, and electron multiplier inside. When an image of a subject is formed on the photocathode through a lens, photoelectrons are emitted from the photocathode according to its brightness and darkness. These are accelerated, pass through the finely woven target mesh, and hit the target glass, emitting secondary electrons from there. The secondary electrons are captured by the target mesh, and a positive charge distribution corresponding to the original optical image is generated on the surface of the target glass. On the other hand, when the back surface of the target glass is scanned with an electron beam emitted from the electron gun and the electrical signal is converted into a video signal, a return beam with the brightness and darkness of the image modulated is obtained. This is further amplified by about 1000 times in the electron multiplier, and then output as a video signal current.

Camera tubes before the Image Orthicon had low sensitivity and required a brightness equivalent to that of outdoor daylight. The Image Orthicon had a sensitivity almost as high as that of the naked eye, making it possible to shoot under a variety of conditions, and also had good gradation of light and dark, i.e., good contrast, which encouraged the explosive development of television. However, it had drawbacks such as a short lifespan compared to its price, noticeable noise, and burn-in if the same object was displayed for a long time. Later, with the advancement of color television, the development of Vidicon-type camera tubes such as Plumbicon and Saticon, which had better resolution, progressed, and these camera tubes began to be used from the second half of the 1960s, marking the end of the era of the Image Orthicon.

[Toshiyuki Kanagi]

[Reference item] | Image pickup tube

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

テレビジョン用撮像管の一種。1946年アメリカのRCA社で開発されたもの。光電面、ターゲットガラス、ターゲットメッシュ、電子銃および電子増倍部などを内部に収めた電子管である。レンズを通して被写体の像を光電面上に結ばせると、その明暗に応じて光電面から光電子が放出され、これが加速されて、細かい網目でできているターゲットメッシュを通り抜けターゲットガラスに当たり、そこから二次電子を放出する。二次電子はターゲットメッシュにとらえられ、ターゲットガラスの表面に、元の光学像に対応した正の電荷分布が生ずる。一方、電子銃から発射された電子ビームによってターゲットガラスの裏面を走査して電気信号を映像信号に変換すると、像の明暗が変調された戻りビームが得られる。これをさらに電子増倍部で1000倍程度に増幅したのち、映像信号電流として外部に取り出す。

 イメージオルシコン以前の撮像管は感度が低く、日中の野外に相当する明るさが必要であった。イメージオルシコンはほぼ肉眼に近い感度をもっていたため、種々の条件で撮影が可能となったうえ、明暗に対する階調、すなわちコントラストもよいので、テレビジョンの爆発的な発展を促した。しかし、高価なわりに寿命が短く、また雑音が目だち、同じものを長く映していると焼き付いてしまうなどの欠点をもっている。その後カラー化が進んだこともあって、より解像度の優れたプランビコンやサチコンなどのビジコン系の撮像管の開発が進み、1960年代の後半からこれらの撮像管が使われるようになって、イメージオルシコンの時代は終わったといえる。

[金木利之]

[参照項目] | 撮像管

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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>>:  Image intensifier; image tube

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