They are also called hitogata (dolls). Paper figures in the shape of human bodies were made and then floated away to ward off misfortune. In the olden days, onmyoji (onmyoji) made these and floated or burned them to ward off misfortune. Today, before the Great Purification in June, shrines distribute hitogata (dolls) to the homes of their parishioners, who write their names and ages on them and place them in the shrine. The priests then perform a purification ritual before floating them away to ward off misfortune. In the southern part of Saitama Prefecture, the day before the Great Purification on the last day of June, the names of all family members are written on paper hitogata (dolls) and they are then presented to the local deity, which is called hitogata kito (doll prayer). Today, what are commonly called hina ningyo (hina dolls) are also "hina hitogata," or katashiro (paper dolls), and these are used as substitutes for human bodies, and misfortune is attached to them before they are floated away. In other words, they are substitute katashiro (paper dolls). The same can be said for the term "nademono," where the body is rubbed with a katashiro to rub away impurities, then the impurities are washed away to ward off evil. In the Heian period, this event was performed by onmyoji (magicians) at the Imperial Court and among the nobility. The local toy "Nagashi Hina," now well known in the Tottori region, was also performed as one of these customs. The katashiro were not necessarily paper dolls, but in villages, straw dolls were more common. The Kashima dolls and Osuke dolls of Hitachi (Ibaraki Prefecture) and the Tohoku region are dolls that are sent to ward off evil, so they were also katashiro of the god of plague that needed to be sent away. The idea that dolls are katashiro of gods, that is, to wash them away in order to ward off evil, can also be seen in the dolls. [Oto Tokihiko] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
人形(ひとがた)ともいう。紙で人体の形をしたものをつくり、これを流して災いを除いた。古くは陰陽師(おんみょうじ)がこれをつくり、流したり焼いたりして災いを防止した。今日、神社で6月の大祓(おおはらえ)の前に、氏子の家に人形(ひとがた)を配り、それに氏名・年齢を書いて宮に納めると、神職が祓(はらい)をして流し、災いを避ける。埼玉県の南部では6月晦日(みそか)の大祓の前日、紙人形(ひとがた)に家内中の名を書いて氏神に納めることを、人形祈祷(ひとがたきとう)といっている。今日一般に、雛人形(ひなにんぎょう)とよばれているものも「雛ひとがた」すなわち形代であり、これを人体の代わりとしてこれに災いをつけて流してしまうのである。つまり身代りになる形代であった。撫物(なでもの)と称するのも同様で、形代で身体を撫でてそれに穢(けがれ)をなすりつけたのち、それを流して災いを除いたのである。平安時代には、宮廷や貴族の間では陰陽師によってこの行事が行われたのである。現在鳥取地方でよく知られている郷土玩具(がんぐ)の流し雛も、この習俗の一つとして行われたものである。形代はかならずしも紙の人形(ひとがた)のみではなく、村々ではむしろ藁人形(わらにんぎょう)などの場合のほうが多かった。常陸(ひたち)(茨城県)や東北の鹿島人形(かしまにんぎょう)、大助人形(おおすけにんぎょう)というのは人形(にんぎょう)を送って災いを去るので、これも送り出すべき疫神の形代であったのである。人形(にんぎょう)にもやはり災いを取り去ってもらうために、これを流し去るという神の形代としての考えがみられる。 [大藤時彦] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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