Hardness is one of the mechanical properties of materials. It is particularly useful in industry because it is relatively easy to measure. Although we often experience things being hard or soft in our daily lives, it is difficult to give a strict physical definition of hardness. It is said that the first person to quantitatively express hardness was the Frenchman Réaumur, who measured hardness using a scratching method in 1722. In 1822, the famous "Mohs scale" to express the hardness of minerals was devised by the German F. Mohs. The general definition of hardness in engineering is that "hardness of an object is a measure of the resistance it shows when it is deformed by another object." As can be seen from this definition, hardness encompasses a very wide range of content, and is related to material properties such as the elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield point, breaking strength, viscosity, brittleness, and ductility, as well as industrially important properties such as resistance to wear and scratching. Therefore, there are various hardness test methods in use that are devised to give numerical values on a scale that is particularly related to some of these properties, depending on the method of deformation and the method of expressing resistance. In other words, the current situation is that hardness, which has complex content, is rather defined by these measurement methods, and it is meaningless to display hardness unless the measurement method is also indicated. Currently, there are three types of hardness used industrially: indentation hardness, rebound hardness, and scratch hardness, and there are several test methods for each hardness. Of these, indentation hardness is the most widely used, in which an indentation is made on the test surface and the hardness is calculated from the load and size of the indentation. [Kunio Hayashi] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
材料の機械的性質の一つ。その測定が比較的容易なことから、工業的にとくに重宝されている。物が硬い・軟らかいということは日常的にもしばしば経験することでありながら、これを物理学的に厳密に定義することはむずかしい。硬さを初めて定量的に表示したのは、1722年に引っかき法で硬さを測定したフランスのレオミュールといわれている。1822年には、鉱物の硬さを表す有名な「モースの尺度」がドイツのF・モースによって考案された。 一般に工学上の硬さの定義は、「物体の硬さとは、それが他の物体によって変形を与えられようとするときに示す抵抗の大小を表す尺度である」とされている。この定義からもわかるように、硬さはきわめて広範囲の内容を包含するものであって、その物体の弾性係数、ポアソンPoisson比、降伏点、破断強さ、粘さともろさ、展延性などの材料特性、さらに摩耗に対する抵抗、引っかきに対する抵抗などの工業的に重要な性質とも関連している。したがって硬さの測定には、変形の与え方や抵抗の表示法により、これらの性質のいくつかととくに関連性の強い尺度の数値を与えるように考案された多様な硬さ試験法があり、実用化されている。すなわち、複雑な内容をもつ硬さは、むしろそれらの測定法によって定義されているのが現状であり、硬さの表示には、その測定法を併記しなければ無意味である。 現在、工業的に使用されている硬さは、押込み硬さ、反発硬さ、引っかき硬さの3種類であり、それぞれの硬さにもいくつかの試験法がある。このなかでもっとも実用化されているのは押込み硬さであり、試験面にくぼみをつくり、そのときの荷重とくぼみの大きさから硬さを算出している。 [林 邦夫] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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