These are former firewood and charcoal forests that existed in flatland farming villages and on the outskirts of cities. Until around 1960, there were common forests or private forests around villages to produce materials necessary for daily life, such as household energy (firewood and charcoal), agricultural materials (green manure), and housing materials (thatched roofs). However, as the Japanese economy developed and petroleum and chemical fertilizers came into use, these forests were no longer used and were left abandoned. Since the 1970s, these forests have been developed on a large scale for housing, leisure land, golf courses, etc., and nature conservation and trust movements have arisen in opposition to this, and development and conservation have become a point of contention. After that, these forests came to be widely called "satoyama," and new uses and management methods were explored, such as maintaining them as environmental and scenic forests, as well as creating biotopes to ensure biological diversity. Furthermore, after the Basic Law for Promoting the Creation of a Recycling-Based Society was enacted in 2000, wood biomass has come to be widely recognized as a form of renewable energy, and there is a growing momentum to reevaluate satoyama as a source of energy such as firewood, chips, and wood pellets. [Shigeru Iida and Noriko Sato] [Reference] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
平地農村、都市近郊に存在した元薪炭林のこと。1960年(昭和35)ごろまで家庭用エネルギー(薪(まき)や木炭)、農業資材(緑肥)、住宅資材(屋根を葺(ふ)く萱(かや))など、生活に必要な資材を生産するために、村の周辺に入会(いりあい)林野または個人の森林が存在した。しかし、日本経済の発展に伴い、石油や化学肥料が利用されるようになると、この林野が利用されなくなり、放置された。1970年代以降、これらの林野が住宅やレジャーランド、ゴルフ場などとして大規模に開発されるようになり、これに反対する自然保護運動、トラスト運動がおこり、開発と保全が争点となった。その後、こうした林野は広く「里山」とよばれるようになり、環境林、風景林として維持するほか、生物の多様性を確保するビオトープの場所とするなど、新しい利用と管理が模索されることとなった。さらに、2000年(平成12)の循環型社会形成推進基本法の制定後、木質バイオマスが再生可能エネルギーの一つとして広く認識されるようになり、里山を薪やチップ、木質ペレットなどのエネルギー供給地として再評価する気運が高まっている。 [飯田 繁・佐藤宣子] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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